What is the optimal dosage of vitamin D supplementation necessary for Research Paper

What is the optimal dosage of vitamin D supplementation necessary for pregnant women - Research Paper Example ditionally, vitamin D is acquired when one exposes their skin to the sunlight and ultraviolet rays that strike the skin triggering the synthesis of the vitamin. For pregnant mothers, this vitamin is quite essential, not only for their welfare, but also for the well-being of their unborn babies. This is because of the numerous benefits that are achieved from the consumption of vitamin D, such as, the maintenance of adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations in the body. This, in turn, allows for the attainment of normal bone mineralization, and prevention of conditions such as hypocalcaemia among pregnant women and their offspring (Perampalam, Ganda, Chow, Opie, Hickman, Shadbolt & Nolan, 2011). Pregnant women who are vitamin D deficient place their unborn offspring and themselves at risk for developing serious health complications. Based on a study by the US National Institute of Health, the presence of sufficient vitamin D in the body of a pregnant woman has been found to augment the development of her bones, and remodel her osteoclasts and osteoblasts. If she is vitamin D deficiency for an extensive period, the bones and body frame of a pregnant woman may become brittle, thin, and misshapen. According to Mohamed, Rowan, Fong & Loy (2014), vitamin D deficiency among infants is determined by the maternal status of vitamin D in the second trimester. For the fetus, a deficiency in the supply of vitamin D into their bodies may result in them developing diseases such as rickets upon being born. The metabolism of vitamin D takes place during the last trimester in which the bone mass is enhanced. Vitamin D is indispensable for the mineralization of the fetal skeletons and is a major contributor to the attainment of an increased bone mass (Wagner & Greer, 2008). According to a study by Haliloglu et al., (2011), bone turnover in pregnant women and infants is enhanced with the increased consumption of vitamin D3 supplementation (Mithal & Kalra, 2014). The

Globalization and the Digital Divide Essay Example for Free

Globalization and the Digital Divide Essay The globalization era has been developing in recent years. The use of technology has an important role in running the business. Any information about companies can be known in a second. This condition pushes the people in business to provide the accurate, detail and trusted information which is related to the company. It also makes the company compete to improve the performance of their operational activities. To help understand how modern business development, every company definitely has an orientation to make a high profit, therefore the company tries to build a good image in public. Companies will compete to increase their success both in industry and trade field. At first, the company will be profit-oriented, but as it progresses, it is not only focused on profit-making but also focused on social responsibility to keep the company alive. Companies must think about the impact on their environment. Rapid business development drives industry growth, especially in Indonesia. An industrial activity must be related to the utilization of resources and produce valuable products. This will have a direct and indirect impact on the environment. The natural resource management industry, especially the management of non-renewable resources (petroleum, natural gas, coal industries, etc.) is a short-term industry, but it has a long-term impact on the environment. Despite having a positive impact on the economy of a country, an industrial activity also has a negative impact on the surrounding environment. Negative impacts due to activities that cause environmental damage, should be minimized first for the good of the company and the community. At the same time, governments, stock exchanges, markets, investors and the public require companies to be transparent about the goals, performance, and impacts of their sustainability. Then came the practice of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) in the business world. CSR is the companys contribution to the stakeholders towards sustainable development by minimizing the negative impact of operational activities. Now CSR is widely known and in Indonesia has many companies that apply it. In addition, the policy has been made regarding the disclosure of CSR as stipulated in Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 of 2007 and mentioned that a company that carries out its business activities in relation to natural resources, is obliged to carry out social and environmental responsibility. CSR is expressed in a report called Sustainability Report. As reported in www.globalreporting.org (2017), Sustainability Report is a report published by the company about the economic, environmental, and social impacts caused by daily operational activities of the company. One of the guidelines that can be used by companies in carrying out CSR activities is the GRI (Global Reporting Initiative). GRI is an international non-profit organization with network-based structure. GRI encourages the implementation of reporting with Sustainability Report as a way for companies and organizations to become more sustainable and contribute to a sustainable global economy. Companies report their activities based on principles and disclosures of standards in accordance with GRI Generation 4 (G4 Guidelines). In that way, the companies will feel the importance of CSR reporting that can improve their image, bring profit and ensure the survival of the company. However, if a company does not report CSR, it will create a conflict with stakeholders. Manufacturing is an industry whose main activity is processing or converting raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods so that goods have added value. Each processing of raw materials from manufacturers would produce waste, causes the environment to feel its impact. The large number of manufacturing companies operating in Java Island, making Java is the largest contributor of waste in Indonesia (National Geographic Indonesia, 2011). That is why covering the issue of environmental damage must be with a high skepticism. Because, besides a large number of output produced by the manufacturing company for its operational activities, it is still more output to be spent to repair environmental damage. Cases of thousands of liters of oil owned by PT Central Georgette Nusantara Printing (CGNP) that spill out pollutes Cibingbin River in Bandung, West Java makes people uneasy because the waste has been polluting the river that empties into the Sanguling Reservoir. The companys operational activities in this area cause environmental damage and harm the people around. It also causes two hectares of paddy fields managed by local people, threatened crops failing. This condition makes people consider the environmental issues are the main ones. After getting pressure from both the government and the people around the factory, the company is ultimately responsible for the environmental pollution issue. The case above pushes the role of CSR as a business-enhancing success for a company. This research is using firm size, profitability, leverage, public ownership and industry sensitivity as independent variables and CSR disclosure which uses G4 guidelines as the dependent variable. Firm size is an indicator that can indicate a condition or characteristic (large or small) of a company. Large companies are more in demand by analysts and brokers because they tend to be easy to publish financial reports and tend to be in stable performance positions (Astuti Nugrahanti, 2015). Profitability measures the overall effectiveness of management in generating profits with its assets (Smart Graham, 2010, p. 66). It means to measure the activity of the company in earned net profit. Leverage provides a description of the companys capital structure, thus it can use to see the level of risk of uncollectible debt (Fahrizqi, 2010). Public ownership is the proportion of share ownership owned by the public of the companys shares (Arthana, 2012). Industry sensitivity can be interpreted a s how big the influence of industrial activity that is directly related to the environment (Winarsih, 2015). The research about the determinant of CSR has been done by some researchers such as Arthana (2012) showed that public ownership and firm size have no significant effect on CSR disclosure. Meanwhile, leverage and profitability have a significant effect on CSR disclosure. However, it was a different research by Kusuma (2012). It showed that that firm size and public ownership have a significant effect on CSR disclosure and leverage does not affect the CSR disclosure. The research by Kusuma (2012) was support by Wijaya (2012), Zanirah (2012) and M. Nur D. Priantinah (2012) showed that firm size significantly influences, but to leverage and profitability does not affect the disclosure of social responsibility. Zanirah (2012) showed that the firm size has a positive significant effect and leverage has a negative effect, while profitability has no significant effect on CSR disclosure. M. Nur D. Priantinah (2012) showed that profitability and public ownership have no significant effect on CSR disclosure. Firm size has a positive significant effect and leverage has a negative significant effect. C. Putra (2012) has a different result compared with M. Nur D. Priantinah (2012) and Zanirah (2012). It showed that firm size has a significant effect on CSR disclosure in manufacture companies while leverage, profitability, and public ownership have no significant effect. From earlier studies that show the different effects on CSR disclosure exhibit the research gap with different variable and different object push the researcher to retest research by C. Putra (2012) by adding a variable to improve the results about â€Å"THE EFFECT OF FIRM SIZE, PROFITABILITY, LEVERAGE, PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND INDUSTRY SENSITIVITY ON CSR DISCLOSURE (A CASE STUDY OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES LISTED IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE YEAR 2013-2017)† Research Questions Based on the background, the research questions that are discussed in this research are: Does firm size have a partial effect to CSR disclosure on manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017? Does profitability have a partial effect to CSR disclosure on manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017? Does leverage have a partial effect to CSR disclosure on manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017? Does public ownership have a partial effect to CSR disclosure on manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017? Does industry sensitivity have a partial effect to CSR disclosure on manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017? Do firm size, profitability, leverage, public ownership and industry sensitivity have a simultaneous effect to CSR disclosure on manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017? Research Limitation The discussion of the problem is limited to affecting some variable to CSR disclosure, which consists of firm size, profitability, leverage, public ownership and industry sensitivity. The company which is observed is manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017. Research Purpose To analyze whether firm size has a partial effect to CSR disclosure to manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017. To analyze whether profitability has a partial effect to CSR disclosure to manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017. To analyze whether leverage has a partial effect to CSR disclosure to manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017. To analyze whether public ownership has a partial effect to CSR disclosure to manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017. To analyze whether industry sensitivity has a partial effect to CSR disclosure to manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017. To analyze whether firm size, profitability, leverage, public ownership and industry sensitivity have a simultaneous effect to CSR disclosure to manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at 2013-2017. Benefit For Company This study is expected to give information for manufacturing companies in preparing meaningful sustainability reports and making steady sustainability reporting and directed to standard practice. It contributes to the understanding of determinants of CSR disclosure to improve the implementation of disclosure guidelines. This study is expected to be an input for companies in doing consideration and decision making which will be useful in providing an additional value of the company. For investor As an overview of CSR disclosure that serves as a reference for investment decision making. For accounting department As a meaningful contribution to the accounting department to develop a study of financial management especially for CSR disclosure. For student This study helps extends the scope of previous studies by introducing independent and dependent variables engage with CSR. The results of this study are expected to be a reference and comparison for further research, which is a concern with the CSR disclosure. Glossary Firm Size Firm size is the number of assets owned by the company. Thus, the large and small of a company can be seen by its assets ADDIN CSL_CITATION { citationItems : [ { id : ITEM-1, itemData : { DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004, ISBN : 9788578110796, ISSN : 1098-6596, PMID : 25246403, author : [ { dropping-particle : , family : Rahman, given : Arif, non-dropping-particle : , parse-names : false, suffix : }, { dropping-particle : , family : Widyasari, given : Kurnia Nur, non-dropping-particle : , parse-names : false, suffix : } ], container-title : Jurnal Akuntansi Auditing Indonesia, id : ITEM-1, issue : 1, issued : { date-parts : [ [ 2008 ] ] }, page : 25-35, title : The analysis of company characteristic influence towards CSR disclosure: Empirical evidence of manufacturing companies listed in JSX, type : article-journal, volume : 12 }, uris : [ http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ad81e84f-e72e-4aeb-998f-b3df3f96da8f ] } ], mendeley : { formattedCitation : (Rahman Widyasari, 2008 ), plainTextFormattedCitation : (Rahman Widyasari, 2008), previouslyFormattedCitation : (Rahman Widyasari, 2008) }, properties : { noteIndex : 9 }, schema : https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json }(Rahman Widyasari, 2008). Profitability Profitability measure the focus on company profits ADDIN CSL_CITATION { citationItems : [ { id : ITEM-1, itemData : { author : [ { dropping-particle : , family : Marcus, given : Brealey Myers, non-dropping-particle : , parse-names : false, suffix : } ], edition : Lima, id : ITEM-1, issued : { date-parts : [ [ 2006 ] ] }, number-of-pages : 372, publisher : Erlangga, title : Dasar-Dasar Manajemen Keuangan Perusahaan Jilid 2, type : book }, uris : [ http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eaa4ed05-0031-4fc6-9f14-1d31d7503a15 ] } ], mendeley : { formattedCitation : (Marcus, 2006), manualFormatting : (Marcus, 2006, p. 80), plainTextFormattedCitation : (Marcus, 2006), previouslyFormattedCitation : (Marcus, 2006) }, properties : { noteIndex : 9 }, schema : https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json }(Marcus, 2006, p. 80). Big companies are expected to earn more profit than small companies. It also measures the using of the efficiency of company assets AD DIN CSL_CITATION { citationItems : [ { id : ITEM-1, itemData : { author : [ { dropping-particle : , family : Husnan, given : Suad, non-dropping-particle : , parse-names : false, suffix : }, { dropping-particle : , family : Enny Pudjiastuti, given : , non-dropping-particle : , parse-names : false, suffix : } ], edition : Pertama, id : ITEM-1, issued : { date-parts : [ [ 1996 ] ] }, publisher : Unit Penerbit dan Percetakan (UPP) AMP YKPN, publisher-place : Yogyakarta, title : Dasar-Dasar Manajemen Keuangan, type : book }, uris : [ http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=561254b1-8c37-4dae-9f07-9552249e0f60 ] } ], mendeley : { formattedCitation : (Husnan Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996), manualFormatting : (Husnan Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996, p. 73), plainTextFormattedCitation : (Husnan Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996), previouslyFormattedCitation : (Husnan Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996) }, properties : { noteIndex : 9 }, schema : https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json }(Husnan Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996, p. 73). Leverage Leverage means measuring the companys ability to fulfill its financial obligations. It can be that leverage is measure how far the company uses debt ADDIN CSL_CITATION { citationItems : [ { id : ITEM-1, itemData : { author : [ { dropping-particle : , family : Husnan, given : Suad, non-dropping-particle : , parse-names : false, suffix : }, { dropping-particle : , family : Enny Pudjiastuti, given : , non-dropping-particle : , parse-names : false, suffix : } ], edition : Pertama, id : ITEM-1, issued : { date-parts : [ [ 1996 ] ] }, publisher : Unit Penerbit dan Percetakan (UPP) AMP YKPN, publisher-place : Yogyakarta, title : Dasar-Dasar Manajemen Keuangan, type : book }, uris : [ http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=561254b1-8c37-4dae-9f07-9552249e0f60 ] } ], mendeley : { formattedCitation : (Husnan Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996), manualFormatting : (Husnan Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996, p. 70), plainTextFormattedCitation : (Husnan Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996), previouslyFormattedCitation : (Husn an Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996) }, properties : { noteIndex : 9 }, schema : https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json }(Husnan Enny Pudjiastuti, 1996, p. 70). Public Ownership Public ownership is the proportion of share ownership owned by the public of the companys shares ADDIN CSL_CITATION { citationItems : [ { id : ITEM-1, itemData : { author : [ { dropping-particle : , family : Arthana, given : Ronny, non-dropping-particle : , parse-names : false, suffix : } ], container-title : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB UB, id : ITEM-1, issue : 2, issued : { date-parts : [ [ 2012 ] ] }, page : 1-14, title : Pengaruh Karakteristik Perusahaan Terhadap Pengungkapan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan (CSR) Pada Perusahaan Yang Terdaftar Di Indeks LQ45 Bursa Saham Indonesia (BEI), type : article-journal, volume : 1 }, uris : [ http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=848daaaf-51e9-409e-b044-80ae139493e6 ] } ], mendeley : { formattedCitation : (Arthana, 2012), plainTextFormattedCitation : (Arthana, 2012), previouslyFormattedCitation : (Arthana, 2012) }, properties : { noteIndex : 9 }, schema : https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json }(A rthana, 2012). The bigger the share which is owned by the public, the more information will be explained, the investors want to get more information about its investment and make sure that it is safely managing then the obligation will be fulfilled. Industry Sensitivity Industry sensitivity can be interpreted as how big the influence of industrial activity that is directly related to the environment ADDIN CSL_CITATION { citationItems : [ { id : ITEM-1, itemData : { author : [ { dropping-particle : , family : Winarsih, given : Arga Mustika, non-dropping-particle : , parse-names : false, suffix : } ], id : ITEM-1, issued : { date-parts : [ [ 2015 ] ] }, title : Pengaruh Media Online , Sensitivitas Industri Dan Struktur Corporate Governance Terhadap Kualitas Environmental Disclosure Governance (Studi Pada Perusahaan High Profile di BEI), type : report }, uris : [ http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d495d810-1aa1-41f2-8dc4-6690588eae85 ] } ], mendeley : { formattedCitation : (Winarsih, 2015), plainTextFormattedCitation : (Winarsih, 2015), previouslyFormattedCitation : (Winarsih, 2015) }, properties : { noteIndex : 10 }, schema : https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json }(Winarsih, 2015).

The General Prologue - The Canterbury Tales Essay -- English Literatur

The General Prologue - The Canterbury Tales The General Prologue The most popular part of the Canterbury Tales is the General Prologue, which has long been admired for the lively, individualized portraits it offers. More recent criticism has reacted against this approach, claiming that the portraits are indicative of social types, part of a tradition of social satire, "estates satire", and insisting that they should not be read as individualized character portraits like those in a novel. Yet it is sure that Chaucer's capacity of human sympathy, like Shakespeare's, enabled him to go beyond the conventions of his time and create images of individualized human subjects that have been found not merely credible but endearing in every period from his own until now. It is the General Prologue that serves to establish firmly the framework for the entire story-collection: the pilgrimage that risks being turned into a tale-telling competition. The title "General Prologue" is a modern invention, although a few manuscripts call it prologus. There are very few major textual differences between the various manuscripts. The structure of the General Prologue is a simple one. After an elaborate introduction in lines 1 - 34, the narrator begins the series of portraits (lines 35 - 719). These are followed by a report of the Host's suggestion of a tale-telling contest and its acceptance (lines 720 - 821). On the following morning the pilgrims assemble and it is decided that the Knight shall tell the first tale (lines 822 - 858). Nothing indicates when Chaucer began to compose the General Prologue and there are no variations between manuscripts that might suggest that he revised it after making an initial version. It... ...ed if he does not put people in the order of their social rank, "My wit is short, ye may well understand." This persona continues to profess the utter naivety that we have already noted in his uncritical descriptions of the pilgrims. It is in this way, too, that we should approach the conclusion of the Prologue. Here the Host of the Tabard Inn (Harry Bailey, a historical figure) decides to go with them and ironically it is he, not Chaucer, who proposes the story-telling contest that gives the framework of the Tales. He will also be the ultimate judge of which is the best: "of best sentence and most solas." He is, after all, well prepared by his job to know about the tales people tell! One model for the literary competition would seem to be the meetings of people interested in poetry, known in French as puys, with which Chaucer would have been familiar.

Fundamentalist: the Fine Line Between Religion and Cult Essay

In the case of the Church of Latter Day Saints, fine lines are drawn in the societal perception of this group of people. Their doctrines and practices make the American public debate whether they are a religion or a cult. The largest factor in the decided public perception lies mainly in their belief of polygamy. While the Church of Latter Day Saints denounced the practice in the 1890s, fundamentalist sects formed over the subject continuing to perpetuate the connection between Mormonism and polygamy. This fundamentalist practice, along with a few doctrines, continues to keep the Mormon faith as an â€Å"outside religion† in the eyes of the general American public. The practice of polygamy is central to the tenants of Mormon faith, extending back to the founder, Joseph Smith. Smith was not the first religious leader to support multiple wives. The Oneida perfectionist supported the practice of polygamy in backlash against the changing family norms due to industrialization (White). Families no longer needed to be large in size to help in a rural farm setting. Smith, being of a displaced farm family, soon craved a change in family life. According to White, Jr. , Smith’s â€Å"personal experience of economic insecurity, death of siblings, and fragile community structure also reinforced his quest for renewing the kinship and community bonds† (White). In some sort of subconscious need for a sense of community stemming from childhood experiences, Smith begins the practice of taking multiple wives. His reasons, according to the faith, are sound. His primary argument is that it was revealed to him by God. The belief in revelations is highly respected by Mormons and is one of the most distinguishing traits of the faith (Perry). It will be discussed in further detail later. Smith also called attention to multiple Old Testament passages that promote polygamy. Yet, his final argument is what upholds this practice today, procreation. Smith argued that, â€Å"man’s righteousness is measured by the size of his family† (Anderson). A proper Mormon man was expected to extensively multiple his family in order to provide more individuals to spread the faith. After social disagreements in several states, many members of the Church of Latter Day Saints fled to western territories hoping to find; â€Å"geographical, social, and cultural isolation required to implement their radical social agenda† (White). However, as the nation grew smaller and assimilation to the mainstream culture became desirable, in addition to persecution by the Federal Government, the Church of Latter Day Saints changed one of their founding principles. Essentially, in the fight for Utah territory statehood, the Mormon Church traded their practice of polygamy. This trade caused dissention among the ranks and multiple fundamentalist sects formed, continuing their practices in even more isolated communities. Joseph Musser, a prophet of the faith, established a fundamentalist community at Short Creek, Utah, that still exists today. There, families live in multi-wife homes where the domestic work is divided between eight or nine women, sometimes many more. The polygamous relationships are consensual and most women have little complaints about their situations. There are many reasons why the women choose to stay. Mainly, they don’t know anything else (Anderson). The religious beliefs they were raised with have been preparing them to be a plural wife. Rowenna Erikson, a plural wife who was excommunicated after speaking out against the treatment of women, says that growing up she; â€Å"sensed that [she] was supposed to be a plural wife mostly because [her] mother guided [her] in that direction. [She] didn’t really want to marry this way but [she] felt pressured and thought that this is what [she] had to do† (443). However, unlike Erikson, there are many women who enjoy their polygamous contract. To them, there is a sorority sense of community, their children are always cared for. During his stay at Short Creek, National Geographic journalist Scott Anderson also noticed a strange power that came with being a woman in the Mormon faith. Women are sought after in the community due to the need for reproduction creating a larger need for men to prove themselves as acceptable partners (Anderson). Brigham Young, another fundamentalist sect leader, also argued that polygamy allows all women the equal opportunity for marriage and, â€Å"†¦eliminates prostitution, economic exploitation and abandoned children† (White). Fundamentalist still argue procreation as a necessary reason for polygamy in the community. However, the main reasons fundamentalist broke off from the Church of Latter Day Saints were the revelations of new prophets. Both Brigham Young and Joseph Musser had revelations from God ordering them to take multiple wives and reproduce, and they weren’t the only ones. Fundamentalists refused to give into the assimilation of their religion. It is these radical, fundamental sects of the Church of Latter Day Saints, like Colorado City, Utah (formerly the Short Creek Community) that continue to tie the Mormon faith to the practice of polygamy. In doing so, along with ample aid from the American media, Mormonism is still considered by the mainstream to be â€Å"lumped into a category of ‘the religious outsiders’† (Perry). Yet, it is not only the practice of polygamy in these sects that support societies’ view. Several other practices continue to perpetuate their perception as part of the odd; some keep Mormons in isolated communities, some condone violence, and others speak out against the American government. Firstly, the practice of polygamy not only ostracized fundamentalist from the United States Government and mainstream, but also from the central Church of Latter Day Saints. Fundamentalist were heavily persecuted by elders of the church in the 1940s and 1950s culminating in the Short Creek Raid of 1953. American media broadcast children being ripped from mothers’ hands right into mainstream America’s living rooms. Decades of persecution and media misrepresentation only supported Mormon practices that led to communal isolation. One of these is the idea of The Gathering. Mormons believe that second coming of Christ is constantly near and that it is their duty to be ready no matter when it happens. Therefore, they live in tight knit communities that seek to prove their righteous existence to Christ. Secondly, their community is slightly communistic. There is the Law of Consecration that allows all property to be held in common and distributed (LeBaron). Additionally, United Order is the Mormon economic system of self-sufficiency (LeBaron). Both of these beliefs keep member separate from the mainstream and make it difficult to leave since they don’t have the rights to their own property. Additionally, many Fundamentalist believe in Blood Atonement established by Joseph Smith and Oaths of Vengeance. Blood Atonement is the basic belief of an eye for an eye. Smith preached that those who commit acts against Mormon should be punished with bloodshed for their sins. The Oath of Vengeance developed after the assassination of Smith stating that all Mormons are to pray for the sins committed against the prophet and should taught through lineages (LeBaron). Both of these practices have been used for justification for murder between sects. Murder justification has also come from the practices of personal revelation and heavenly visitations. As mentioned before, revelation is extremely important to the Mormon faith due to that fact that it is what the Church was founded on and from where most doctrines are derived. Personal revelations are the wishes of God and should be acted upon by faithful practitioners, yet, they give the prophet the okay from God to do whatever they want, even kill if needed (LeBaron). Obviously, murder is illegal in the United States, so how were the Mormons able, beyond personal revelation, to justify to their behavior in the court system? Fundamentalist practices believe in the triumph of God’s Law over Man’s Law. Due to their beliefs that they are forming a community for the return of Christ, Mormons believe they live in a theocratic society separate from Federal Government rule. Therefore, the rules set in place by God reign higher than those set in place by the state. Mormon belief justifies most actions, even murder, by claiming it as a personal revelation and an act of God’s will. Finally, in a religion where the members’ ultimate goal is to prepare for the end, Fundamentalist in the Church of Latter Day Saints awaits the fall of the United States Government. This belief, fueled by bitterness from lack of Federal aid in the 1820s, only reinforces the view that there is superior judgment than the United States Court system. While separation of church and state exists in the United States, Mormon religious beliefs, to a certain extent, defy that right claiming religious rule over states. There were several acts of violence that took place over the last forty years, all justified by different Mormon doctrines. Ervil LeBaron, a Fundamentalist prophet, used personal revelation for the reason he killed his brother in 1972. He then proceeded, with the same justification to kill dozens of others. LeBaron wasn’t finished when he was finally sent to jail. While in Utah State Penitentiary, LeBaron wrote the â€Å"The Book of New Covenants† ordering the deaths of members on God’s Will (LeBaron). His children then proceeded to follow his will working their way down his list. Ervil wasn’t the only one searching for power over the sects; the Lafferty brothers had similar problems in the 1980s. These events perpetuate public stereo types of the Mormon religion and polygamy. A survey I conducted of 25 people showed 100% of them still believe the Mormon Church officially sanctions polygamy and a cult like lifestyle (Venzen). It is these acts of violence based on God’s will that raise mainstream America’s eyebrows at the true classification of this faith. The violence stemming from radical sects also calls attention to Mormonism as an â€Å"other† in society and religious beliefs and raises questions to the credibility of the religion. Fundamentalist don’t only tie the Church of Latter Day Saints with polygamy. Acts of violence based on the will of a high power is often associated with cults as, â€Å"murder and suicide have been inseparable on other [cult] occasions† (Lamberg 2). Additionally, Rowenna Erickson considered her upbringing as a plural wife to be â€Å"brainwashing†, another cult practice, and even outwardly claims Mormonism as a â€Å"polygamist cult†. According to cult studies, the sought out isolation of the Fundamentalist communities only reflects that the, â€Å"†¦cult seeks to control disciples’ entire environment, not only externally but also reaching internally, as if reality were the group’s exclusive possession† (Lamberg 1). The question then remains. Is the practice of Mormonism, the Church of Latter Day Saints, an organized religion or a cult? The practice of polygamy leads the public to view the Church and its Fundamentalist counterparts as one. Therefore, can the debate of organized religion versus cult be separated by the central Church of Latter Day Saints and the Fundamentalist Church of Latter Day Saints?

Digital Fortress Chapter 48

â€Å"What?† Midge sputtered in disbelief. â€Å"Strathmore claims our data is wrong?† Brinkerhoff nodded and hung up the phone. â€Å"Strathmore denied that TRANSLTR's been stuck on one file for eighteen hours?† â€Å"He was quite pleasant about the whole thing.† Brinkerhoff beamed, pleased with himself for surviving the phone call. â€Å"He assured me TRANSLTR was working fine. Said it was breaking codes every six minutes even as we speak. Thanked me for checking up on him.† â€Å"He's lying,† Midge snapped. â€Å"I've been running these Crypto stats for two years. The data is never wrong.† â€Å"First time for everything,† he said casually. She shot him a disapproving look. â€Å"I run all data twice.† â€Å"Well†¦ you know what they say about computers. When they screw up, at least they're consistent about it.† Midge spun and faced him. â€Å"This isn't funny, Chad! The DDO just told a blatant lie to the director's office. I want to know why!† Brinkerhoff suddenly wished he hadn't called her back in. Strathmore's phone call had set her off. Ever since Skipjack, whenever Midge had a sense that something suspicious was going on, she made an eerie transition from flirt to fiend. There was no stopping her until she sorted it out. â€Å"Midge, it is possible our data is off,† Brinkerhoff said firmly. â€Å"I mean, think about it-a file that ties up TRANSLTR for eighteen hours? It's unheard of. Go home. It's late.† She gave him a haughty look and tossed the report on the counter. â€Å"I trust the data. Instinct says it's right.† Brinkerhoff frowned. Not even the director questioned Midge Milken's instincts anymore-she had an uncanny habit of always being right. â€Å"Something's up,† she declared. â€Å"And I intend to find out what it is.†

Nursing as a Career essays

Nursing as a Career essays As the population of the United States ages, the need for skilled nurses increases. Thats where I come in; I plan on being a registered nurse. There is currently a nursing shortage and very few nurses graduating from their nursing schools and practicing. To top that, the average age of a registered nurse is 45.7 years old, which means that the current nursing shortage will only increase as older nurses start retiring. With the retirement of baby boomers, a good chunk of the population, more available patient care is going to be necessary. There is currently an ever-increasing shortage of registered nurses to provide care for the growing number of people in nursing homes, home health care programs, and hospitals. In order to draw more people to the career of nursing, benefits and salaries for nursing will increase dramatically in the near future. Nurses will get better labor unions and more rights in the Standard of Care. There will be more financial aid available to people trying to obtain an education to become a nurse. Becoming a registered nurse requires attending and graduating from a state-approved nursing school. It must be state approved because nursing in the work force is regulated by the state and local governments, not the federal government. This is also why the licensing exams for becoming a registered nurse, or any kind of nurse for that matter, are controlled by the State Board of Nursing. There will be an estimated shortage of over 434,000 nurses by the year 2020. This shortage is caused by a number of things. For one, most nurses are females and started practicing because there wasnt much else for a female to do in the working world other than being a teacher. Now that there are more job opportunities for females, there is a steadily decreasing number of people coming to the profession. Enrollment and graduation from state-approved nursing programs is in a continual decline. The short...

Oddyseus essays

Oddyseus essays In the Odyssey, Homer created the character Odysseus. There are many sides to his personality. The book shows Odysseus as a family man. It shows him as a compassionate man. He also makes mistakes and has weaknesses. In the Odyssey, Odysseus shows his love for his family. He surmounts many obstacles and gets back home to Ithaca. There his faithful wife, Penelope, and his son Telemachus awaited his return. He wanted to be with his family so badly that he turned down immortality and life with the beautiful goddess, Calypso, in exchange to get back home. When he reaches Ithaca, he fights and kills the suitors that wanted to steal his home and family. Other traits in Odysseus' character are his compassion and patience. For example, in the book he shows his concern and compassion on Circe's Island. She transformed his men into pigs. After he found out, he put his own life in danger, and saved his crew. Odysseus' patience is also an important trait. He thinks things through before he acts. His patience has spared him and his men many times in the story. He uses this back in Ithaca when he was an old beggar. He waited for the right time to reveal his identity. On the other hand, Odysseus still had many human weaknesses. He was too proud and boastful. This shows when him and his men were on the island of the cyclopes. Their ship had already left the island safely. But Odysseus brags about what he did to Polythemus. The giant hears this and throws boulders towards their ship. The ship came very close to sinking. He accidently gives his name away and Polythemus calls Poseidon to punish him. This incident e ...

How to successfully find your dream job abroad

How to successfully find your dream job abroad Nothing is more uncomfortable than leaving the familiar sight of your home country and venturing into uncharted lands. But part of getting by in this world is having a consistent source of income and sometimes that source may ask you to leave your comfort zone. There are plenty of reasons why some folks move abroad for a job. A career switch, a fresh start, or a promotion; whatever the case, you’ve decided to pack your bags and leave everything behind to settle in another country miles and miles away. Whether you are one of those that have spent their entire lives comfortably in their country or a wanderlust that loves to travel – there is a lot that you need to know before and after you move abroad for a job.  Here are some important things to know before moving abroad for a job.Before you moveMoving abroad is not as easy as packing your bag with five of your favorite outfits. It requires a lot of planning and research. To help you get started on your journey, the f ollowing are a few ways you can plan out your move:Analyze the job opportunity Before you even begin to stress about moving to another country, think long and hard about the job opportunity at hand. How bad do you want it? Are there similar opportunities in your city/country that you can take up? Because make no mistake, moving to another country is no easy task. You are effectively moving to an alien land with possibly no familiar face to lend a hand. But that shouldn’t deter you from taking the opportunity of a lifetime. What it should do is give you the push you need to do your research.Learn about your employer It should go hand-in-hand with step 1. You need to have a clear idea about your next employer. The internet makes it easy to access reviews via professional sites like Glassdoor and Linkedin. Follow what employees are saying. Pay special attention to reviews by ex-employees, learn what made them leave the company. It is a difficult reality but some employers pay sa laries late. It is particularly more distressing for foreign employees. They don’t have many, or at times no, family and friends to fall back on in times of economic struggle. Study your finances, identify your cost of livingYou’re in luck if you work for a multinational firm that is willing to help you with the costs of living abroad. For just about everyone else, it is essential that you research the costs associated with local properties on rent, commutes, and other household and living costs. Once you have a clear picture of the amount you need to carry on comfortably with your life, we recommend renegotiating your salary or looking for an alternative source of income to bridge the gap.It’s also important to consider the cost of an immigration visa. That expense might fall on you unless your company has a visa policy. The language barrierThere is a possibility that you could end up in a country that doesn’t speak the same language. For example, native English speakers who move to Japan find it a lot harder to fit in. In that case, your company may expect you to learn Japanese prior to the move.There is a steep learning curve, but with language learning applications (like Duolingo or Memrise) so readily available you’ll be a native speaker in no time!Learn about tax treatiesMost of us are completely aware of this, but most countries have bilateral tax treaties governing the amount that a non-resident is to be taxed on their income; determined by their origin country. The United Kingdom currently has over one hundred different tax treaties, and the United States has tax treaties where foreign nationals are taxed at lower rates, etc.   By learning about the different tax treaties between your home country and the country that you are moving to, you can avoid double taxation and (in some cases) benefit from a period of exemption.Understand the local cultureEach country has its own set of customs, values, and manners. Be it in the workplace or in a casual setting, understanding the local culture can help you avoid looking†¦unrefined.For example, some hand gestures that are commonplace in the United States could be seen as disrespectful or vulgar outside of its borders. Learn about what is (or isn’t) acceptable in your new homeland before you have an awkward encounter at the water cooler.Plan things out with your familyThings are somewhat more manageable if you are a single individual moving abroad. However, for those of us with family, it becomes essential to plan things out with them. If your family is staying back home while you move abroad for work, we recommend that you consider the cost of visiting home on important occasions or during emergencies.   Alternatively, if your family is moving with you, you should look into schooling options, activities, and additional household expenses tied with the move. When moving, you should look into possibly hiring a moving company, someone that specializes in moving and packing boxes to make the transition even smoother. Sell or rent out your existing propertyA vacant property indicates loss of possible income. Depending upon whether your move is permanent or temporary, we recommend that you consider selling or renting out your existing property. Renting out the property can allow you to reap the benefits of additional income, and can act as a safety net upon your return back home. Selling the property, on the other hand, can relieve you of the stress of managing a property from overseas and give you immediate access to a sum that can really come in handy with your move abroad.After you moveSettling into a new house, a new city, and an entirely new country is no easy endeavor. Thankfully there’s Google Maps to help guide you to the nearest grocery store or laundry service, but for everything Google doesn’t cover, we do! After the move, you’ll need to build a lot more than just your takeout menu collect ion†¦Build Your NetworkPerhaps the most significant benefit of relocating to a new country for work is being able to expand your network globally. If you only had connections in the U.S, now by moving to, for example, Australia, you are able to learn, interact, and network with people that spend their December enjoying hearty barbecues by the beach.In addition to building meaningful connections with foreign professionals, building your social network is also something that you should focus on. We recommend that you look into social events and meet up groups, and take part in leisure activities that can help you meet people with a similar mindset to yours.Remember! More connections lead to more job opportunities! Hopefully, with all of this information in your mental arsenal, the transition into your new home abroad will be as smooth as possible.About the Author: Jessica Hanson is the Head of Content for Hire A Box – a moving company based out of Sydney, Australia. In her spare time, she enjoys traveling around the world to different surf spots and sampling the local cuisine.

Supply chain work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply chain work - Essay Example Different products demand different supply chain and the difference may be in total depending on nature of products and involved organizations and managements. I, in this paper, outline supply chain for paper, and discuss the product’s transportation and storage through its current supply chain and possible improvements, planning and control for the product, and lean manufacturing ideas. Outline of the supply chain for paper Outline of supply chain for paper begins with the growth of trees, raw materials for paper, up to the nearest storage facility to the product’s final consumer. The first stage in the chain is identification of suitable seeds by a gardener for quality trees. The gardener then grows the seeds into seedlings and in a process that is informed of agricultural skills. The gardener tends the seedlings, in a nursery, for a period until a stage at which the seedlings are mature enough to survive in a real environment for its species’ growth. The young tree is then transferred into a designated location that may be a domestic environment or a forest at which it is planted. Care of the young plant transfers from the gardener to an expert in tree husbandry who cares for the young plant until its maturity time. The mature tree is the cut into logs of wood and chipped to align the material into the production process. Chipping converts the blocks of wood to â€Å"wood pulp† that is modeled into â€Å"raw paper† (Palgrave n.d., n.p.). Further processing results into â€Å"large rolls of paper† that is then refined to smaller packages. At this stage, the product has been developed and further processes relates to packaging in desirable shapes and sizes for ultimate utility. Cutting of the smaller paper rolls follows into development of â€Å"sheets of paper† that is then wrapped as the final product. Transportation of the products follows from this point into wholesalers’ warehouses and storage facili ties before further distribution to retailers’ warehouses from which the product is sold to consumers (Palgrave n.d., p. 8). The product’s supply chain outline identifies with features of the traditional supply chain. According to McKinnon et al., traditional supply chain consists of â€Å"suppliers, manufacturers, distribution centers, retailers, and customers† (2010, p. 102). Suppliers deliver raw materials to manufacturing companies that generate the finished products before delivery to intermediaries or retailers. Delivery to the intermediaries leads the products to retailers who offer the commodity to consumers. In the supply chain outline for paper, suppliers consist of the owners of the trees that are delivered as raw materials for the production process. The gardener, if operating independently from the tree farmer, can however be identified as a preliminary supplier. Processing companies that chip the delivered logs and process the raw materials into pa per and paper sheets are the manufactures under the traditional supply chain. Transportation companies and wholesalers can be considered as distributors and retailers and consumers complete the traditional supply chain outline. This means that even though the supply chain outline for paper has a long process with numerous players and activities, it identifies the structure of the traditional supply chain (McKinnon et al. 2010, p. 102; Palgrave n.d., p.

Letter of Motivation for Master of Laws in Advanced Studies in Public Essay

Letter of Motivation for Master of Laws in Advanced Studies in Public International Law - Essay Example Throughout my student career, and also in my working life, the particular focus on global politics and the consequent legal frameworks supporting international systems have sharpened in my mind. I am at present completing a Master’s program in Global Politics and International Relations at Bahà §eÅŸehir University in Istanbul (begun in 2007) and am currently employed as a Research Assistant at Okan University Faculty of Law in the department of Public International Law. Previous to this I achieved the Master of European Union Law at Istanbul University, where I studied from 2006 to 2009, after completion of my under-graduate courses at the Marmara University Faculty of Law (2000-2005). Evident from both my thesis topics within the courses mentioned above, and my employment history, is the committed interest I have in International Law. For the LLM Program at the Istanbul University Faculty of Law, I submitted the thesis The German Practice within the Scope of the EU Counter-Terrorism Policies; my current thesis topic is titled Migration and Citizenship in Turkey. I have also sought out work, short-course, and seminar opportunities related to my field of interest. I was a trainee at the Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies in 2007. I also worked in organizational and co-ordination capacities at the NATO Summit in Istanbul (2004); the World News Agencies Summit (2003); and the ECO Heads of State Summit Meeting in 2002. Additionally, I have attended seminars on topics as diverse as the Enlargement Process of the European Union and Turkey, The Effects of Globalization on the Law – the Role of the WTO, and Violence against Women and Sexual Crimes during the last few years. As a student, too, I was involved in this area – as President of the European Law Students’ Association (2003-2004) and as Vice-President of Seminars and Conferences for ELSA Istanbul (2002). I was also awarded the DAAD Scholarship to enter the â€Å"Program for International

Databases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Databases - Essay Example Relational Databases A relational database model refers to a database, which has been set up in such a way that the data in the tables is easily accessed and retrieved by the user when the need arises. This is the data model, which is mostly preferred when it comes to setting up and storing data as opposed to other models such as relational database models and the networked model. In the recent past. This model has been widely implemented in thing such as storage of financial records among others. The main reason why databases that take up this model are more on demand is due to their relative ease of understanding. This is despite the fact that they are not very much efficient. The inefficiency, which is associated with this database model, is however, covered up by the fact that computers that are in use in the present day are more powerful as compared to back then when the power in computing had not been realized. Normalization There is another aspect, which comes up when dealing with databases. This is to do with the normalization of data in the database. Normalization refers to that process through which the fields and the tables that are existent in a relational database are organized in an orderly manner for the purpose of minimizing the redundancies and inefficiencies that may arise. What happens in this case is that a large table may be decomposed into several smaller and less redundant tables. At the same time, the relationships that are present in these tables are further defined. The main reason why the database can be broken down into several tables with relationships between them is for easy updating. In this case, the data is isolated so that a change in one area, in this case the change being a deletion, modification or updating of data is done on only one table as opposed to all the tables in the database. The change, which is orchestrated on one table, is performed on all the tables that are in the relationship. The aspect of efficiency and re duced redundancy comes up in this case. The user is in a position to handle the data in the database is a more organized and easier manner. When it comes to normalization, there is the first normal form, the second normal form and the third normal form. The third normal form tables are usually the ones, which are majorly free from any anomalies, which may come up when handling data. The main reason why normalization is required to make the database free from undesirable dependencies such as deletion and updating. It is also needed for the purpose of making the relational database model more informative to the average user. Logical Database Design This refers to the development of the database while defining the dependencies and relationships that may come up in the database. The data and information, which is gained in the process, is then arranged in a logical manner and transferred into those objects of storage, which are supported by the database. These storage objects in the cas e of a relational database refers to the tables into which there are rows and columns/ Physical Database Design The physical design of the database is more concerned with the structuring of the data onto the storage space together with its configuration. There is a lot of detailed information, which is developed in the process. An example in this case is the definition of data elements and the indexing option among various others. More detailed specifications of the system are developed in this case.

Life under slavery in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Life under slavery in the United States - Essay Example Although slavery was later abolished using peace treaties, it is clear that during the slave period, most slaves experienced serious suffering harsh living conditions under their masters’ care. African-Americans were used as slaves in the 17th century even during the American Revolution and during the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. During this era, there were clear guidelines on when slaves started their work schedule and when it ended on a daily basis. Slaves worked for long hours whereby work started before, dawn, and ended after sunset with only a two-hour break. They worked under constant supervisions with threats of punishment by overseers regardless of who their owners were. There were submitted to harsh conditions and despite their lack of freedom, they were not always rendered powerless victims, as they were able to start important institutions (Reese 208). Europeans settled in America and invested in sugarcane and tobacco plantations, which had thrived in areas like the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages. When European merchants were sailing, they adopted such practices into their new settlements. This early plantations needed labor and the Europeans disliked the labor required in the plantations and the indigenous people refused to work on it, and this led to forced slave labor (Rodriguez 33). There was a massive expansion of the population that was enslaved in Americas, which was possible due to the transatlantic slave trade. The population increased because slaves barred more children and cotton farming started benefiting from the slavery in America in 1800 and it spread to other states (Elkins 35). Slavery was met with resistance as slaves sometimes ran away and hid in forests or visited relatives in other plantations. Some were able to escape slavery for good but some were unlucky as they were severely punished, and others were even shot to death or bitten by the owners dogs

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Law of Evidence - Essay Example The burden of proof aims to provide a jury with at least enough evidence to support the position of a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused. Therefore what must be determined in this case is whether the defendant will be obliged to adhere to a legal or evidential burden of proof. The leading case in the nature of the legal burden of proof in English criminal law1 is that of Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecutions2, in which Viscount Sankey stated that â€Å"it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner’s guilt subject to†¦.insanity†¦.[and also]†¦statutory exception.† Therefore, applying the standard set out in this case, it would appear that the onus of the burden of proof will be placed upon the prosecution rather than on the defence. However, research suggests that this has not generally been the case. A study conducted by Ashworth and Blake showed that the legal burden of proof was placed upon defendants to prove a statutory defence in at least 40% of the Crown court cases3. Therefore, in a criminal case the defendant may likely bear the burden of proof, depending upon the circumstances and the statute (in this case, the Road Traffic Offenders Act of 1988)4. In the recent case of Sheldrake v DPP5 the question of whether driving offences would come under the purview of criminal offences and could therefore constitute a requirement for a legal burden of proof from both prosecution and defense was raised. In arriving at its decision, the Court also took into account the question of whether imposing a legal burden of proof on the defendant and thereby rendering him liable for conviction even when a reasonable doubt existed, would be in contravention of the presumption of innocence that works in favor of every defendant in a criminal case. The question of whether a legal or evidential standard of proof was to be levied required the Court to strike a balance between the

The effect of China's less stringent trade policies on the global Essay

The effect of China's less stringent trade policies on the global economy - Essay Example rogress in conforming to WTO norms has been slow and a number of issues still to be resolved before China can be considered fully integrated into the international trade regime. Both China and her trading partners are reaping full advantage of their trade liberalisation but not to an extend due to a liberal trade regime and strong protection for foreign intellectual property requirements. Moving China’s economic system from central planning and command to market socialism has had to undergo several changes making her international trading and domestic regulatory regimes to undertake fundamental changes as a result of its WTO accession commitments. In this way, China has had to reduce or eliminate a wide range of trade barriers and open its domestic industries to increased competition, the modification and addition of sections of her domestic legislation such as those relating to the protection of intellectual property in order to be in compliance with WTO protocols (USTR, 2003a). The central government has also committed itself to reduce the state’s role in the economy in order to satisfy both domestic and international calls for a more and better market-based system. These changes will mean separating government from business, leading to the privatizing additional state enterprises, fostering a more independent central banking system and reducing corru ption (The Economist, 2001a). The Chinese economy is expected to grow by 9% per year from 2006 – 2015 (even though a slow in growth is expected in 2015 – 2020) since her government began dismantling its command economy in favour of markets and opening its markets to foreign goods and investment. It is further predicted that by 2020 China’s GDP would have grown to US$10 trillion. Since 1990, the Chinese economy has not witnessed a GDP of less than 4%. In 1992, the growth rate peaked at 14 percent (The Economist, 2000). Between 1997 and 2000, the economy grew by 24.7 percent. The growth rate for each year

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Law of Evidence - Essay Example The burden of proof aims to provide a jury with at least enough evidence to support the position of a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused. Therefore what must be determined in this case is whether the defendant will be obliged to adhere to a legal or evidential burden of proof. The leading case in the nature of the legal burden of proof in English criminal law1 is that of Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecutions2, in which Viscount Sankey stated that â€Å"it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner’s guilt subject to†¦.insanity†¦.[and also]†¦statutory exception.† Therefore, applying the standard set out in this case, it would appear that the onus of the burden of proof will be placed upon the prosecution rather than on the defence. However, research suggests that this has not generally been the case. A study conducted by Ashworth and Blake showed that the legal burden of proof was placed upon defendants to prove a statutory defence in at least 40% of the Crown court cases3. Therefore, in a criminal case the defendant may likely bear the burden of proof, depending upon the circumstances and the statute (in this case, the Road Traffic Offenders Act of 1988)4. In the recent case of Sheldrake v DPP5 the question of whether driving offences would come under the purview of criminal offences and could therefore constitute a requirement for a legal burden of proof from both prosecution and defense was raised. In arriving at its decision, the Court also took into account the question of whether imposing a legal burden of proof on the defendant and thereby rendering him liable for conviction even when a reasonable doubt existed, would be in contravention of the presumption of innocence that works in favor of every defendant in a criminal case. The question of whether a legal or evidential standard of proof was to be levied required the Court to strike a balance between the

Sonny's Blues and Big Black Good Man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sonny's Blues and Big Black Good Man - Essay Example This paper endeavors to tackle the different significant points in both aforementioned short stories. It also aims to discuss the variations in both literary works. The story entitled, Sonny's Blues by James Baldwin, is a tale inscribed in the first-person singular narrative style. It commences with the narrator reading about his younger brother named Sonny who has been seized in a heroin bust. The narrator then recounts about the events of his day; he is a professor at a school in Harlem. However, he is having trouble of getting his mind off Sonny. He imagines all the boys he is teaching in class who he supposes does not have a bright future and probably doing drugs just like Sonny. After school, he came across a friend of Sonny who informs him that they will put him up in jail and put him in rehab but eventually he will be set free and hence, be all alone. Originally, the narrator does not have any contact with his brother Sonny not until his daughter Gracie passes away due to poli o when he decided to write him a letter. Hence, they eventually re-established their means of communication and somehow got updated with each other’s lives. When Sonny was set free from jail, he then resided with the narrator who is his brother. The two brothers then had a flashback of their parents. The narrator depicts his father as a drunken man, who passed away when Sonny was fifteen. Sonny and his father had the same solitude; however they did not get along. Sonny was an introvert and usually quiet; while their father acted as if he was immense, resilient, and loud-talking. They also reminisced the time of their mother’s funeral where the narrator had a talk with Sonny asking him what he aims to do with his life. Sonny replied that he desires to be a jazz musician and to play the piano. The narrator does not appreciate this dream and does not believe that it is good enough for Sonny. They also discussed his living arrangement for the remainder of his high school d ays. This subject matter ignites the two brothers to be in an argument where Sonny calls his brother ridiculous for not knowing who Charlie Parker is, and contends that he does not want to finish high school or live at the house of the parents of Isabel who is the narrator’s wife. However, they resolved the predicament with a compromise, since the house of Isabel’s parents had a piano; Sonny could play it whenever he wishes to provided that he will agree to go to school. It was then discovered that Sonny is not pursuing his studies instead he plays in the Greenwich Village with his jazz friends whom the narrator assumes that he is taking drugs with so Sonny left the house of Isabel’s parents and went to the navy. After the communication of the two brothers were re-established, Sonny arrives at the house, and asks the narrator if he wishes to come and watch him play in Greenwich Village, and the narrator, although reluctant at first, decides to go with Sonny. Son ny then starts to narrate about his heroin addiction in somewhat vague terms. He divulges that when the lady that the brothers both admire was singing at the revival meeting, it prompted him to be reminiscent of what it feels like when heroin is gushing through one’s veins. Sonny declares that it makes an individual feel that he is in control, and sometimes a person just have to feel that way. The narrator inquires if he has to feel like that to play and he responds that some people do. They then tackled suffering and the narrator raises the question

Private schools vs public schools Essay Example for Free

Private schools vs public schools Essay Introduction: The controversy related to private schools vs public schools has developed over the years. Several arguments have been forwarded from the proponents of both view points and have eulogized the one stream of schools over the other. Private schools are generally regarded a better option for educating the children if one has the resources.   Private schools are able to execute more effective and efficient educational policies and programs and can take on better teachers owing to strong financial backup that itself is generated through heavy students tuitions. In contrast to private schools, public schools are funded by government treasury and have little sources to finance the more modern and effective education policies and methodologies. This paper will analyze the pros and cons of both streams of schools systems. Private Schools: Less-population-More Concentration: The most important aspects of private school as compared with public schools is the strength of the students at class and school level. Private schools have smaller number of students as mainstream students attend the local public schools. National Center for Education Statistics says in this regards; â€Å"As reported by teachers in 1999-2000, average class size for self-contained classes tended to be somewhat larger in traditional public and public charter elementary schools than in private elementary schools.† (NCES) According to a web site called Public School Review, Private schools average 13 students per teacher, compared with an average of 16 students per teacher in public schools (publicschoolreview). So public schools are more crowded as compared with private schools. This strength ratio clearly manifests that in private schools more attentions and concentration can be given to individual students. This one to one attention remains a hallmark of the private schools. Higher education Focused Courses and Programs: The second most important strength of the private schools is that it offers supplementary enhanced and higher education focused lessons and courses and their objective remains to polish their students to join an institute of higher education. NCES’ study shows in this regard; At least 40 percent of elementary schools in all sectors reported offering students extended, before-school, or after-school daycare programs. Private and public charter elementary schools were the most likely to offer such programs. An estimated 65.1 percent of private schools and 62.9 percent of public charter schools offered such programs, compared with 46.5 percent of traditional public elementary schools. (NCES) In comparison with private schools, public schools seem working on the conventional philosophy that each student is unique and college education does not suit everyone and hence no one should be forced to go ahead with higher education and they should be allowed and encouraged to choose and carve their own future paths.   Courses: Public schools offer general programs whereas private schools offer specialized programs for students that can enable them to take specialized courses at college and university level. In public schools the education of the students is pre-decided by the state what they have to learn and parents and/or students have no say in this regard. Private schools provides flexible programs and students and their parents can opt from variety of options. Great school staff website highlight and analyze the impotence of these flexible courses and says; Private schools have the flexibility to create a specialized program for students. For example, private schools may use art or science in all classes, or take children on extended outdoor trips that blend lessons across the curriculum. Private schools can create their own curriculum and assessment systems, although many also choose to use standardized tests. (Great School Staff, 2008). Less Bureaucracy: Another indirect advantage that contributes toward the overall efficiency of the private schools is the minimum role of state bureaucracy. Less time is spent on formalities including following unnecessary state policies and paperwork and thus more time is available to concentrate the quality of education, syllabus and methodologies. Teachers are more independent in their classrooms and they work out certain creative strategies to teach their students in an innovative way. The efficiency and usefulness of public schools is marred because they have to go after all national, state and local policies pertaining to education as well as finances. Higher Academic Excellence: Quality of education is the most important tool to measure the excellence of either a private school or a public school. The study â€Å"The 2003 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)† conducted by National Center for Education Statistics reveals that private schools produce more excellence academically than public schools. This comparison in academic excellence was conducted at various levels and in various subjects. The results of a grade 4 â€Å"Reading† discloses that; â€Å"In the first set of analyses, all private schools were compared to all public schools. The average private school mean reading score was 14.7 points higher than the average public school mean reading score†¦.† (NCES) Same was the case with Grade 4Mathamirtics where private school’s students scored 7.8 higher than the public schools’ students. Same results were shown for Grade 8. This study is a clear manifestation of higher academic superiority and quality of education they offer. Safety at Campus: General school environment related to safety and conflict among students is another factor that parents keep in mind while opting for a schools. This is an important factor as Schools are not only a home to impart quality education but they are also concerned with the personal grooming of the children. Safe and sound environment reflects itself in the development of a good and healthy personality whereas conflict-ridden environment does not produce high-quality characters. Studies show that Private schools’ campuses are less prone to conflict as compared with Public schools. NCES reports manifests; Private school teachers were also less likely than teachers in other sectors to report physical conflicts among students as a serious problem in their school. Just 1.0 percent of private school teachers reported that physical conflicts among students were a serious problem in their school, compared with 4.8 percent of both traditional public school and public charter school teachers. (NCES) Public Schools Proponents of the public schools forward certain arguments and supported evidence in favor of academic excellence at public schools. They further quote various studies in favor of their prepositions. The most important arguments forwarded by advocates of Public schools are as under; Enhanced Extra and co-curricular activities: This does not suggest that public schools have no advantages over private schools. Public schools can offer more on co-curricular activities and can fund more activities in this realm than private schools. Maureen Boland says in this regard; Most public schools are simply bigger than private schools, and have enough students to pull off a science fair or power a chorus or computer club. Whats more, federal and state laws require public schools to provide diagnostic and disability services. Public schools are more likely to offer gifted and talented and remedial programs, too. (Boland) Higher Teacher Qualification: NCES study reveals that Public schools teacher are more qualified as compared with their private school counterparts. Furthermore, teachers form public schools attend the professional development courses more often. The study says; â€Å"Among full-time traditional public school teachers, 59.3 percent participated in such professional development activities, compared with 55.2 percent of full-time public charter school teachers and 43.1 percent of full-time private school teachers.† (NCES) Adherents of public schools are of the view that â€Å"Private school innovations do not in every case stimulate improved practices at the public schools with which they compete.† (Rothstein et al) They further illustrate that â€Å"Private elementary school personnel are not necessarily more accountable to parents than are public elementary school personnel.† (Rothstein et al) Conclusion: The above-mentioned arguments of the proponents of the public schools can easily be refuted as the primary objective of the schools remains imparting academic excellence and quality education whereas co-curricular activities and higher teacher professional development are secondary or subservient to the stated primary objective. Public schools are cost effective as compared with private school because they are hugely funded from the state treasury. But the abovementioned arguments and supported evidence clearly manifest that this cost effective sacrifices the quality of education. Although private schools charge huge amounts as fees but there are two valid reasons for this. Firstly they are self-sponsored. Secondly they need huge amounts to spend on the quality of education they produce or wish to produce. On the whole, private schools are more focused and thoroughly committed to the development of education with excellence. They do not believe in the mere transfer of knowledge but take into account the aptitude and mental inclination of the children and believe in charging their creative batteries. The faculty member of the private schools earn more and thus are dedicated toward their work and hanker after more excellence. References Boland, Maureen. Public vs. private: Which is right for your child? Parent Center. Center on education Policy. Are private High Schools Better Academically Than Public High School? October 2007. Great Schools Staff. (2007). Private vs. Public: What’s the Difference?. National Center for Education Statistics. Schools and Staffing Survey, 1999-2000: Overview of the Data for Public, Private, Public Charter, and Bureau of Indian Affairs Elementary and Secondary Schools. Fast Facts. Public School Review. Public Versus Private Schools. Retrieved March 23, 2008 at Web Rothstein. Richard, Carnoy, Martin Benveniste, Luis. Can Public Schools Learn From Private Schools? Case Studies in the Public Private Nonprofit Sectors. Economic Policy Institute.    U.S. Department of Education. Comparing Private Schools and Public Schools. Retrieved March 23, 2008 at Web Site:nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/studies/2006461.pdf

The Civil Rights Movement: The Struggle Continues Essay -- Racism, Civ

Civil rights are the rights to personal liberty and are provided by the law. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights promises everybody civil rights. But many people, including lots of black people, have been denied their civil rights. Black people, and also some white people who help them, have struggled for these rights for a long time. Many people have helped and many kinds of groups have been formed to help win equal rights for everyone. Things are a lot better used to be, but the struggle is not over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon after the Declaration of Independence was signed there were groups that tried to end slavery. They were in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Rhode Island, Delaware, New Jersey, and Maryland, and Connecticut. It took a long time to win freedom for slaves. Lots of slaves were taken to freedom in the North on the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad is the name of the system that slaves traveled in secret from one place to another. They usually hid during the day and traveled at nighttime. Some slaves even fought to be free. Nat Turner was a preacher that led a slave revolt in Virginia in 1831. But they all ended up being executed..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 freed slaves in the Confederate states. But it did not guarantee anyone an education, a job, or a place to live. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution made slavery illegal. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments were passed later, and they were supposed to give blacks all their civil rights, especially the right to vote.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Reconstruction period was 1865 – 1877. During this time many black people had important government jobs. Louisiana, South Carolina, and Mississippi had black lieutenant governors, and Mississippi’s speaker of the house was black. The superintendent of public education in Florida was black. The South had 22 black representatives in Congress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White Southerners who hated blacks started the Ku Klux Klan in 1866. It was also called the KKK. They tried to stop black people from voting and having other civil rights. They would wear white sheets and masks with pointed hoods. They would beat up blacks and public officials. They would burn crosses by the houses of people they wanted to scare. The KKK was declared illegal in 1... ... bad that they boycotted all the buses in Montgomery. They lost so much money that the law was changed so blacks cold sit anywhere just like whites. During the boycott was when Dr. martin Luther King Jr. became an important black leader. He didn’t believe in using violence. He received the Nobel Peace Prize. But in 1968 he was assassinated and there were riots in 50 states because the blacks were so angry and frustrated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From that time until now there have been new laws passed and things have gotten better. But even now blacks and other minorities are involved in the civil rights movement. Lots of like Spanish Americans, Jews, Orientals, Native Americans, immigrants, homosexuals and others are involved now. The leaders, black and white, sometimes don’t agree on how to win civil rights. Most people are working peacefully, but others, that are called militants, think peace hasn’t worked and that violence is necessary. Many people think that blacks still do not receive fair treatment from authorities like the police. Even now the civil rights movement is still working for equal rights for all like we were promised in the Declaration of Independence.

Jan Mikulicz-Radecki :: Biography

Introduction Despite the passage of over a hundred years from the death of Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, the student of Theodor Billroth (1829 – 1894), and the founder of the the Wroclaw school of surgery, his name quite frequently appeared in the first decade of the XXI century. It appeared in articles concerning the historical background of modern European surgery [1-5] and in researches relating to the modern treatment of chronic diseases, which are now cured within the confines of internal medicine, ophthalmology and dermatology [6-12]. What is more, a great importance of the achievements that Mikulicz made for the development of modern techniques in surgery of the gastrointestinal tract [13, 14] and the thyroid [15] is indicated. His contribution to the development of gastrointestinal endoscopic examination earned him a well-deserved title of the â€Å"father of surgical endoscopy† [16]. His contemporaries called Mikulicz â€Å"a king in the kingdom of Surgeons†. He obtained exc ellent results in surgical treatment of patients using innovative, for that times, aseptic techniques [17, 18]. The researchers of history of medicine are frequently lacking the fact of Mikilicz’s interdisciplinary attitude towards diagnosis and the treatment of patients. The impact on the shaping of this attitude had both; his professional training, which took place in Vienna under the tutelage of Billroth [19, 20], and his broad interests that extend far beyond the field of surgery, and even beyond medicine. A fact that should be emphasized is the establishment by Mikulicz and Bernhard Naunyn (1839-1925) [21, 23] of an interdisciplinary journal â€Å"Mitteilungenaus den Grenzgebieten der Medizinund Chirurgie†, which integrated surgery and internal medicine. Owing to Mikulicz’s broad research interests, his name is frequently mentioned in everyday clinical practice not only among contemporary surgeons but also by dermatologists. Mikulicz explained the pathogene sis of the rhinoscleroma and described the cells characteristic of this disease, which were later named after him [24, 25]. He also described a disease of the salivary and lacrimal glands of a noninflammatory character, which until now exists in the international medical nomenclature as Mikulicz disease [6, 11] not to be confused with the Sjà ¶gren’s syndrome [26]. He has also developed an innovative method for treating difficult to heal wounds and ulcers of the skin using preparations containing iodine and maÅ›ciÄ… lapisowÄ… with Peruvian balm [25]. This ointment (also called Mikulicz ointment) to this day is used in surgical practice and dermatology. Family and Education Jan Mikulicz-Radecki was born on May 16, 1850 in Czerniowce in Bukowina.

CVS stops selling tobacco products Essay

Reason, declared Kant, is the source and ultimate basis for morality. Morality wholly rests in pure, innate reason and not in intuition, conscience, law, or utility. The standard of morality, therefore, is inherent in the human mind; it is definable only in terms of the mind; and it is derived from one’s innerself by direct perception (Cavico & Mujtaba, 2013). According to Kant, in order to be moral, one has to be rational. â€Å"The right use of reason is directed to moral ends† (Cavico & Mujtaba, 2009). A person has to think rationally, he or she does not have think only about self-interest. As a result of that, there is no place for such thing as Ethical Egoism. People should be treated with dignity and respect. Kant presumes that human beings are rational and can utilize reason (Cavico & Mujtaba, 2009). Kant called the supreme ethical principles the Categorical Imperative. This principle is necessary element of human reason and foundation upon which rest all moral judgments (Cavico & Mujtaba, 2013). Kant’s method has three parts of testing, which are used for identification whether or not an action is moral. No matter in what kind of situation a person can be, a rational individual performs an action because he or she has a moral obligation and duty. Application of Kantian Ethical Analysis The categorical Imperative is not a principle of action itself; instead, it ethically lays down the form a moral maxim must take. Thus, said Kant, reason indicates that a moral action must have a certain form. The ethics â€Å"test† is a formal test (Cavico & Mujtaba, 2013). Literally, a person has to indicate whether his/her actions would be successful or would be considered as a self-destruction. In this case, the test will determine that situation with the company such CVS will be most likely successful. One of the main reasons that the company is doing this, is to show the public and competitors that it really cares about the health and well-being of its customers and the nation. By taking out all tobacco products from all CVS stores in the United States, the administration of the company who have main input in the way how the firm works, would really benefit. In general public might be surprised that CVS are going to aim on people’s health. In this kind of situatio n many things will change and increase in the business, things as trust and confidence would be maintained. So, action passes the  first test. The second test states that every person should be treated with dignity, respect and as a valuable and worthwhile entity (Cavico & Mujtaba, 2009).This test involves by itself shareholders, employee, employer, consumers, and society as well. In this case some people have different point of view, some of them firmly believe that they have the right to buy any products they like or to do whatever they chose to do. There is an argument, which explains that it might be unethical for the company like CVS to make people uncomfortable for purchasing tobacco products. CVS does not show any respect for smokers. They feel themselves not welcomed. According to Kantian theory CVS should need to make sure that their clients feel comfortable and welcome in the drugstores, no matter what kind of products are sold. CVS has to analyze and think about customers themselves, not only about profits, even though that basically, the idea of having business is for income purpose. To conform with the Kantian views, the company like CVS which is one of the largest drugstore chains in the United States, should pay more attention for its prosperity, rather than a little aspect of the firm to have some profits. Kant assumes that people cannot take advantage of another person. Additionally, it also explains that people cannot act and do anything without full comprehension and permission of the person. An individual needs someone’s logical, intellectual, complete agreement for this to happen. In this situation, people can think differently. Some of them can support CVS for the idea of removing tobacco products from pharmacy place, because it is ethical and some of them firmly argue with this statement. Even though that the people deeply understand that the products they were purchasing have the risks for their health and very harmful for their organisms. According to this information, the second test will definitely fail. The third test is the agent-receiver test which asks whether a rational person would accept the action or rule regardless of whether he or she was the agent or the receiver of the action (Cavico & Mujtaba, 2009). So, the main cost of this change would be a major loss in income. But people can lose their jobs, the managers and executives will feel decrease in salaries. Many employees may be in danger of losing a job. Moreover, the prices of shares of stocks will decrease, then shareholders  could be in danger of losing earnings. These are all the possible ways of banning all packs of cigarettes from CVS stores. Nevertheless, analytics of the company predicts that the benefits that CVS would get of trust and confidence would be worth the danger of losing profit. By stop selling tobacco products and removing all sweets from the drugstores as well, the firm would have to reassess how and in what kind of ways it can have its income. It will be very difficult to survive for the company, especially in the beginning of this change. It has a worse outcome than just minor loss in sales. The company would have a very negative effect from this and many people would not have a benefit as well. In this case, customers and employees would lose. Because of CVS stops selling cigarettes, as we mentioned above, many people will lose their potential jobs, therefore , the third test certainly will not pass. Only if the company will help their employees by giving them recommendation letters and providing with rà ©sumà ©/interview training, the third test might be considered as passed. But as long as, the action of CVS is going to be presented in October of this year. We still do not know whether they will help their employer or not. So, at this moment of time, this action is considered as not passed. Moral Conclusion Pursuant to Kantian Ethical Model An action is morally right if it has a certain form, and morally wrong if it does not have that form. The Form, the Categorical Imperative, is the first, supreme, fundamental principle in ethics. It is the form a moral action must have; it provides the ultimate standard by which one test can test action, rules, beliefs, and standards to determine if they are moral (Cavico & Mujtaba, 2013). Based on Kant’s ethics, the action of CVS pharmacy about removing tobacco products from the stores can be considered moral, only if it passes the Categorical Imperative tests. Some type of questions must be considered such as, is this action only benefiting the company or others as well? How would CVS feel if others performed this action? If the firm rationalized its actions, they would be moral. First of all, if everyone takes the same action that took CVS, the world will become healthy. We will not see any more death as a result of tobacco products. CVS has always functioned very well with good ratings in customers service and with high earnings. Even with a ban of tobacco in October, the company is still  one of the leading pharmacies in the country. Nevertheless, this new plan may not make everyone in society happy. Some people, most likely smokers think that this ban is unfair and unethical, but managers and executives thought that it was the right step for the healthy future and for the business. As a result of this decision, the company will gain trust from its consumers, which will result in a more successful firm. In other words, smokers will not be treated equally with other people with respect and dignity, therefore the second test will fail. Overall, if CVS will take care of people who probably will lose their jobs, the third test can be considered as passed. Despite the problems with Kantian ethics, Kant’s very important accomplishment was to underscore, and to appreciate, people as free, rational, moral beings, with individuals rights and self-im posed duties to respect others (Cavico & Mujtaba, 2013). In conclusion, CVS’s incredible decision involves long term perspective and sacrifices. The administration of the company has a solid strategy of how to operate the company and all of the stores. With a great plan on operations, they are able to have a successful business. As long as, it is such a large company, these changes will be beneficial, even with some people against the stores, unless there is another major change to products in the near future.

Ethical Advertisement Essay

Much of the controversy over advertising stems from the ways many companies use it as a selling tool and from its impact on society’s tastes, values, and lifestyles. In the ads where sexual stereotyping is used, there is a relationship between the recall of the ad and the consumer’s subsequent purchasing decision. Similar relationships are also evident in ads that use cultural stereotyping and emotional exploitation. Consumers also tend to remember the ad and get motivated to purchase products/services when they feel that the information in the ad is truthful and not deceptive. The six most important ethical issues in advertisements are as follows: 1) Advertisements targeting Vulnerable Groups 2) Cultural issues in advertisements 3) Comparative and Competitive Advertisement 4) Subliminal advertisements 5) Use of deception in advertisements 6) Advertisements of Controversial Products Advertisements targeting Vulnerable Groups Companies are targeting children in their advertisements irrespective of the negative impact and affect on their personality. While advertising several elements regarding ethics are not considered, and in this report we will focus on few of those issues. Adults are also targeted by the companies. Later in this report it will be discussed how companies build perceptions and image of different cultures in minds of young generation. How the youth is being affected by the companies’ unethical practices? Advertisement regarding Culture The importance of recognizing human differences such as age, gender, and ethnicity do exist and can significantly impact a practitioner’s work. Advertisers are manipulating the cultural ethnicity and are trying to build their own culture. However their practice is considerably raising the cultural issues in different and diversified geographical areas around the globe. Comparative and Competitive Advertisement Comparative advertising is an advertisement in which a particular product, or service, specifically mentions a competitor by name for the express purpose of showing why the competitor is inferior to the product naming it, where as Competitive advertisement points out features of a brand which may not be available in other brands, but does not directly name a competitor. Subliminal Advertisement A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another medium, designed to pass below the normal limits of the human mind’s perception. The use of subliminal messages in advertisement is called subliminal advertisement. Deception in Advertisements The miss-presentation or omission of the product’s features in the ads is a routine practice of companies to deceive consumers. Misleading messages or images are just lies and unfair. The aim of this type of advertisements is just to deceive the consumer. Ethics have some power in deceptive and misleading advertising. Later in this report various ways of deception will be discussed to clarify the unethical practices. Advertisements of Controversial Products The advertisements of controversial products were once not acceptable but now marketers are showing the advertisement of these products frequently because of which consumers are getting immune to the advertisements of such products. Later in this report we will discuss what kind of unethical practices marketers are using in the advertisements of such products. Companies design the advertisement of their products in such a way that even if a person has no need for the product will buy it. Companies take â€Å"Persuasive advantage† of vulnerable groups such as Children, the elderly, and people in developing countries etc. to sell their products. Children Ads for kids serve as training for consumer culture; hence, their role in culture formation and socialization should not be underestimated. The impact of advertisement on their behaviors and attitudes is highly affective. As children are the emerging seeds of any civilization hence it should be seriously considered that they are exposed to what kind of ethics. Things which they learn in their early stages of life are reflected in their later life stage. Following topics will further elaborate this concept. Children’s Exposure to Advertisement Commercials are highly effective in presenting the formal features of products, to attract children’s attention, such as unique sound effects and auditory changes, rapidly moving images, and audiovisual gimmicks and special effects. The most common persuasive strategy employed in advertising to children is to associate the product with fun and happiness, rather than to provide any factual product-related information. For example, a commercial featuring Ronald McDonald dancing, singing, and smiling in McDonald’s restaurants without any mention of the actual food products nutrition available, reflects a fun/happiness theme. Effects of Food Advertisement on children It is evident from the available sources that children are highly influenced by the food advertisement and that they are highly important for the marketers to be targeted. Unhealthy Eating Habits It is found that kids are attracted by entertaining products that’s why companies are showing them the enjoyable advertisements instead of focusing on the nutrition of the products. As done by McDonald which shows entertaining toys provided with the package of burger, in this way, children start buying burgers without considering the amount of calories and other nutritious in those eatables. This practice has lead to the obesity of children specifically in United States of America. The children are shown those eatables which are unhealthy for them but still they enjoy purchasing them and they force their parents to make those eatables available for them. Cause of Obesity Currently 15% of US youth are overweight, a prevalence nearly twice as high in children and three times as high in adolescents compared to 1980 prevalence rates. Almost two-thirds (60%) of overweight children have at least one cardiovascular risk factor (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidemia) and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in youth.