Pride and Prejudice essay †a comparison of Elizabeth and Lydia Essay

Elizabeth Bennet is the second eldest of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet’s five daughters. Lydia is the youngest. The only thing these two siblings seem to have in common is their family. The girls contrast starkly. Lydia Bennet has a rather childish and fun loving disposition. She comes across as a little lacking in intelligence and her own father even goes as far as to call her ‘one of the silliest girls in the country.’ As well as saying that she is ‘silly and ignorant like other girls’. Elizabeth on the other hand is mature, kind, compassionate and rather more in her fathers favour than her younger sister. He seems particularly fond of his ‘little Lizzy’ and tells his wife that she ‘has something more of quickness than her sisters’. Throughout the novel the girls opposing personalities are demonstrated. Lydia’s flirtatious and frivolous ways are very apparent at the beginning of the novel through her behaviour towards the soldiers. Elizabeth’s wisdom shines through at the first ball in the novel, when she overhears Mr Darcy describing her to Mr Bingley as ‘tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me’. Elizabeth however takes this on the chin, and instead ridicules him by recounting the story to her friends and laughing at his rudeness and arrogance. Her conduct is admirable, a lesser girl would have been devastated to hear herself described in such an unflattering and uncomplimentary way, and in this instance we truly see her good manners and sense of maturity. Both Elizabeth and Lydia are confident and outspoken girls although in rather different ways. Lydia tends to say exactly what she thinks without much consideration, whereas Elizabeth’s words are always thoughtful and quick witted. Her observance and good sense make her mostly a consistently accurate judge of character. For example she recognises the inappropriate behaviour of some members of her family, like her mother and Lydia, and feels embarrassed. Also she realises Mr Collins unsuitability for her and refuses his proposal, despite it offering her notable financial stability. She also takes a dislike to Lady Catherine De Bourgh, regardless of her influential position, and stands up for herself and her family. However, in the case of Mr Wickham and Mr Darcy, her perception was originally misguided, but later she recognises her mistakes. Lydia on the other hand does not have such a sound sense of judgement. She believes that Wickham genuinely loves her and will marry her, when his intentions were only to elope with her. She was so gullible that she ran away with him and her only saving grace was Mr Darcy forcing Mr Wickham to enter into marriage with her. Lydia rushes headfirst into her affair with Wickham and claims to love him, although in reality she barely knows him. Elizabeth is completely different to her sister and by no means hurries into her romance with Mr Darcy. She demonstrates at several stages in the novel that she does not want a pretentious and shallow relationship or marriage for practicality, but wants to find a true love match. Her cousin Mr Collins is very admiring towards Elizabeth and asks for her hand in marriage. The acceptance of this proposal would have offered Elizabeth a sound life as Mr Collins had ‘a good house and very sufficient income’. But having no physical or mental attraction to the man, Elizabeth tells how, in regard to his proposals ‘it is impossible for me to do otherwise than decline them.’ Mr Darcy also asks for Elizabeth’s ‘acceptance of his hand.’ At the stage when he makes his first proposal to Elizabeth she believes him to have wronged Mr Wickham and feels a ‘deeply rooted dislike’ for him and so declines his proposal. In this instance she follows her heart, despite Mr Darcy earning ‘ten thousand a year’ and having a very respectable status and estate. Neither Lydia nor Elizabeth really conform to the expectations of the society that they live in. They are both different to the mould of average women of the setting, but in their own ways. Lydia is less discreet than her elder sister and certainly makes a name for herself with her flirtatious and attention seeking tendencies. She is only fifteen years of age and many people scorn her for socialising with men, attending balls and such like. Lady Catherine De Bourgh is a prime example of this and tells Elizabeth that it is ‘very odd’ Lydia being out at only fifteen years of age. Another far more scandalous way in which Lydia does not conform to the values of her society is her elopement with Wickham. She runs away with him to London without a single care for her family or the disgrace it might bring to their name. She believes all that he tells her unquestionably and is certainly very niaive. She is ignorant with regard to her family’s feelings and her actions outrage her father and cause her mother to be ‘taken ill immediately’. It places their home in ‘such confusion’ and forces Mr Darcy to pay out a substantial sum of money to the penniless Wickham. Lydia’s behaviour was not the norm and Elizabeth tells how her ‘conduct has been such as neither you, nor I, nor anybody can ever forget’ which implies that the elopement has tarnished the Bennett name lastingly. At the time the novel was written, women were expected to become ‘accomplished’ in things such as art, music and reading. Elizabeth is suitably talented at playing the piano and ‘has a good notion of fingering’ and Darcy tells how ‘no one admitted to the privilege of hearing’ her ‘can think of anything wanting.’ She is also ‘a great reader’ and so all in all is quite an accomplished girl. Lydia though does not, as far as I can tell, show much talent or interest in the areas of music and arts. She seems rather preoccupied with the soldiers in neighbouring Meryton, clothes, balls and gossip. Although Elizabeth is generally well liked and highly thought of, she does not completely live up to expectations in her society. As I have discussed previously she doesn’t, like most girls of the time, consider money an important enough reason to marry and hence refuses two marriage proposals. In this period, women were considered second class citizens in society, as equality had not yet been established between the sexes. This makes Elizabeth an even more remarkable character as she is by no means intimidated by Mr Darcy and is intelligent and assured enough to tease and mock him, questioning his actions and picking him up on his past wrongs. Her disposition is so confident that she has enough conviction to stand up for herself and express her views cleverly regardless of the company she is keeping. This is demonstrated when she stands her ground when confronted by Lady Catherine De Bourgh, telling her in no uncertain terms that her prospective marriage to Mr Darcy is none of her business. In the period that the novel was written, this would not have been considered acceptable conduct as Lady Catherine is of much higher social status than Elizabeth. Lady De Bourgh explains how she has ‘not been accustomed to language as this’ and goes on to ask Elizabeth – ‘do you know who I am?’ Elizabeth also causes a minor stir when she walks three miles from Longbourne to Netherfield. It was unusual for ‘ladies’ of the time to walk so far unaccompanied – they would usually have taken a carriage. This is a way in which Elizabeth takes a subtle stand and resolves to do as she pleases regardless of what people may think. Miss Bingley tells how Elizabeth seems to ‘show an abominable sort of conceited independence.’ The main character of the novel is Elizabeth Bennet and much of the story is portrayed through her eyes, leading the reader to favour her. She is the heroine of the novel and the main narrative is her story in particular. I think that Jane Austin meant for her to be a particularly likeable character, as she shows admirable and dignified conduct throughout. She is the sort of woman that many people would aspire to – she has intelligence, beauty, talent and is a kind and compassionate sort of person. She does not allow herself to simply be dictated to, but has the strength of personality to do and say as she sees fit, and for these reasons I think that she earns almost all readers approval. I do not think that Jane Austin intended us to approve of Lydia. Her behaviour certainly was not approved of by the characters in the book as she acted without any consideration for others. She was self centred, reckless and stupid. However, I do not think that Lydia is a bad character that we are meant to strongly dislike, but on the contrary, we are meant to be entertained by her antics. She adds a touch of scandal to the story making it all the more interesting and in the end it is her carelessness in not thinking before she speaks that lead to Elizabeth and Mr Darcy finally uniting. The two sisters are very different indeed and are both portrayed to opposite extremes. Elizabeth’s responsibility and great qualities are magnified by Lydia’s outrageous behaviour at the other end of the scale. I think that without Lydia’s character Elizabeth would not seem quite so exemplary, and without Elizabeth to live up to, Lydia would not seem such an immature and thoughtless character. I personally prefer Elizabeth and I think this is a feeling that most readers would share. I think she is an ideal role model who overcomes many obstacles to find truly deserved happiness in the story. Although I don’t particularly dislike Lydia, I think that she is a silly and annoying character who lacks all the inspiring qualities possessed by her older sister, Elizabeth Bennet.

Drug Abuse in Inner Cities Essay

Inner-city areas have become the primary location for minorities, and the easiest place to find illegal drugs. Evidence shows that there is a link between the increase of illegal drug use, and the increase of minorities living in inner-city communities that are unemployed or collect welfare. Bruce D. Johnson states â€Å"Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard-Drug Users and the Community† and â€Å"Illicit drug use in the inner city expanded rapidly in the 1960s and has continued unabated into the 1990s† (9). Johnson also writes â€Å"During the period 1960-80, the number of persons living in communities primarily occupied by low-income (including welfare and unemployed) blacks and Hispanics approximately doubled† (10). The two previous quotes provide evidence that illegal drug use and minorities living in inner city communities have both increased over time. Minority drug abuse in the inner city results in the organization of drug distribution systems, whi ch can cause violence that negatively affect families. Drug abuse is a problem in inner cities, and has been for a long time. During World War II factory workers were necessary in order to meet the needs of the United States Army. Between the 1930s and 1940s, with the majority of those factories located in the North, a large group of Southern African Americans migrated to the Northern states in search for jobs. The low-wage factory jobs that African Americans and other minorities occupied forced them to reside in the ghettos. According to, â€Å"Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard-Drug Users and the Community† Johnson states that â€Å"Prior to 1940, about 20 percent of those arrested for narcotic law were black, a figure that increased to over 50 percent by the mid-1950s† (12). Johnson provides information that shows the migration of African Americans  sparked minority drug abuse within inner-city communities. In the 1950s, minorities use of illegal drugs began to increase, and have continued to into present day . The most dramatic increase in the use of drugs within minority communities occurred in the 1960s and the early 1970s. During that time period, many events took place that impacted drug abuse in the inner city’s minority communities. Johnson writes â€Å"Heroin use and addiction, particularly among minorities in the inner-city neighborhoods, exploded during the period 1965-73,† (14). This quote shows the highly addictive drug many minorities between the years 1965 to 1973 abused heroin. In the inner-city communities, those who used heroin most likely tried it for the first time between the ages of 15 and 21. Heroin is a highly addictive drug, and about half the users who try it are addicted within two years, (14). Johnson states that â€Å"The â€Å"heroin generation† of youths who became addicted in 1965-73 is evident in the black community in virtually every city with a population over 100,000† (14). This quote proves that it was common for minority commu nities to have a serious drug abuse problem, and that minorities were responsible for the popularity of heroin in the inner cities. Heroin was not the only drug abused as the popularity of drug use continued to increase. In 1975, cocaine became very popular in within minority communities throughout the city, and remained very popular until 1984. The amount of cocaine users began to decline due to the rise of another drug, crack. It is evident that if inner-city minority drug abuse continues to be neglected, no matter what illegal drug it is, it will gain popularity and users will abuse the illegal substance. Minorities are not only the majority of users; they are also the majority of distributors. In New York, African Americans and Puerto Ricans of the inner city communities often bought kilograms from the Italians, (18). Johnson writes â€Å"At the lower levels of the heroin distribution system, heroin user-dealers would generally be advanced several ‘bags’ of heroin to sell; they would use some and sell enough to pay their supplier in order to re-up† (18). This quote shows that the lower-lev el minority distributors would abuse the drugs advanced to them, by selling some and using the rest. Drugs in the inner city are in constant demand. Since drugs are in constant demand a complex system is needed to establish consistency in the process of  making the drugs, so they will always be available. The drug distribution system is broken down into five major roles; the five roles are low-level distributors, sellers, dealers, traffickers, and growers. (19) Historically minorities in the inner-city communities play huge roles in all 5 of these categories. Every level is expected to provide a certain level of production; if the level of production is not met then consequences occur. Not only was heroin a problem amongst the inner-city minorities, in the 1980s, crack emerged as another very popular drug on the streets. The Drug Enforcement Administration reported that four major minority groups all controlled crack trafficking: Jamaicans controlled the east coast and Midwestern states; Haitians controlled Florida and within two-hundred miles of Washington D.C.; Dominicans had control over New York and Massachusetts; and Black street gangs had control over most of the West Coast and western states. (22) Bruce D. Johnson states that â€Å"Newspaper reports and New York City police suggest that American blacks direct several local crack-selling groups in Brooklyn, Queens, and other boroughs†(22). Johnson suggests that African Americans, who also have distributors in Detroit, Washington D.C., Chicago, and Los Angeles, are the primary distributors of all the minority groups. Ethnic groups for all of the roles of distribution remain unclear, but based on evidence from many sources; minority groups control most of the distribution process. The abuse of drugs has had a huge impact on crime rate in America. Bruce states â€Å"In 1960, probably less than 5 percent of the total population, and probably less than a quarter of the criminal underclass, had ever used any type of illicit drug,† (40). This quote shows that when drug use was not popular, crime rate was lower. As the demand for drugs increases, and different distribution groups’ form, competition for â€Å"turfà ¢â‚¬  results in violence. Drug dealers are in constant competition with each other to see who can make the most money, throw the best parties, and who can be with the most beautiful women; drug dealers are relentless in proving themselves. Johnson writes, â€Å"Hard-drug sales have dramatically strengthened the subculture of violence. Old patterns of using violence and its threat to obtain money vie crime, and to defend masculinity, have been further transformed,† (27). This quote supports the idea drug dealers will do anything to accomplish their goals. Drug dealers regularly use violence to a prove point. With the rise of a variety of drugs in the inner-city, crime  rate also began to increase in America. Drug abusers lead to the organization of illegal drug distributors that commit violent crimes in order to satisfy their greed; they also take part in activities that negatively affect themselves and their loved ones. Drugs can affect relationships, mental and physical health, and sometimes lead to very serious crimes. In fact, peer-pressure has a huge effect on decision making within a group of friends. In the article â€Å"Interactive and Higher-Order Effects of Social Influences on Drug Use† Alan W. Stacy writes â€Å"Social influences may show not only linear or interactive effects on drug use, but in some instances may show an accelerated (concave upward) effect on behavior as social pressure to use drugs is increased†. (229) This quote states that an individual’s environment and the people around them can increase the possibility to use drugs; leading us to believe that minorities in the inner-cities, living in highly-populated communities, have a greater chance to be socially influenced to drug use. A study done showed that out of a hundred opiate abusers, forty-eight never married twenty-five married, one widowed, twelve divorced, and thirteen separated. (645) This study shows that abusing a drug affects marital status among drug abusers. Almost half of the opiate abusers never married, and a quarter of them married, but either separated or divorced. Marital status has a huge impact on African American children living in inner city. Johnson writes â€Å"The chance that a black child will experience poverty is almost 90 percent if he or she lives in a family headed by a single woman under the age of thirty† (10). This quote states that marital status has a huge impact on the life of African American children. Not only does drug abuse affect family situations in the inner-cities, it also affects inner-city residents’ health.Drug abuse is most common with minorities in inner-city communities, and poor-health is most common within these communities. Studies have been done to see if drug use relates to any specific disease. Johnson writes â€Å"the studies strongly suggest that heroin abusers constitute a substantial portion of all reported cases of the following conditions: hepatitis B, endocarditis, pneumonia, and trauma from assault†. (50) Johnson provides is evidence that those who abuse the drug heroin have a greater chance of being diagnosed with hepatitis B, endocarditis, pneumonia, and tr auma from assault. Not only can drug abuse lead to poor-health and diseases that can be life threatening, it also can  lead to drug related homicides. Johnson states that â€Å"In New York City, estimates of the proportion of homicides which were â€Å"drug related† have increased from about 24 percent in 1984 to about 56 percent in 1988†. (51) Johnson reveals that in just four years the increase in the use of drugs has also increased in the amount of drug related homicides. The â€Å"psychopharmacological† variety, homicides that occurred when an individual was heavily intoxicated by alcohol or heroin or while experiencing paranoia from a large dose of cocaine, was the most common of all homicides in New York City, which took place in twenty-five percent of homicides. (51) The abuse of illegal drugs can lead to fatal events; these fatal events have affected minority families in inner cities as hard, if not harder than any other group of people. Johnson writes â€Å"Between 1970 and 1985, the proportion of black children living in mother-only families increased from 30 to 51 percent†. Johnson strongly shows that a little more than half of black children have grown up without a father. Ever since illegal drug use became popular in the early 1900’s, minority inner-city drug abuse has continued to grow. Many things have an impact on who distributes and uses the drugs, along with where the drugs are popular; drugs are very abundant in inner cities, because of social and economic issues, minorities tend to be the distributers and users of the drugs. The majority of crime and violence in inner cities can be associated with drugs. Drug abuse along with the crime and violence that come with it has sabotaged many minority inner-city relationships with friends and families. Minorities who abuse drugs in the inner cities have created a very dangerous lifestyle for themselves and those around them. Works Cited Bruce D. Johnson Terry Williams, Kojo A. Dei and Harry Sanabria, â€Å"Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard-Drug Users and the Community†, Crime and justice13 (1990): 9-67. JSTOR. Web. 3 November 2014. Richard R. Clayton, â€Å"The Family and Federal Drug Abuse Policies. Programs: Toward Making the Invisible Family Visible†, Family Policy (Aug., 1979): 637-647. JSTOR. Web. 3 November 2014. Stacy, W. Alan. â€Å"Interactive and Higher-Order Effects of Social Influences on Drug Use.† Journal of Health and Social Behavior 33:3 (Sep. 1992). 226-241. American Sociological Association. Web 31 October 2014.

Personal Development Plan Essay

Introduction This project development plan is a write up of the theoretical underpinning and the technical experiments or of the reengineering undertaken in order to answer the question(s) posed by the research topic. The project proposal should be supported by a list of current references and an annotated bibliography. The proposal must include A good development plan is not a easy document. To be influential, it has to be built approximately a development model beached in real-world skill. It has to be cautiously crafted to fit the needs of the person being urbanized. It has to comprise job assignments that build leadership skills. And it has to be hold up by the organization and incorporated into a development philosophy that views planning documents as the commencement of the development expedition, not the end (Ametrano, I. M., 2003, 190-193). During the research of this network based assignment I have equally focus upon my personal development and look for to become accustomed the worldwide assessment of performance more especially to the personal development in networking. It is based mainly on WAN based networking for Nokia Incorporation The primary four part scores seek to gauge Personal grooming as a professional figure when I was capturing data, the aptitude to create a living in a dynamic-based company like Nokia. Aim of Project To design and implement a network model for an international organisation to get connections between two branches. To also examine the network model to make sure it met the performance and compatibility requirements. Objective Of Research No doubt, the objective of this network based project is a development plan for multier national company is an important part of any effectual leadership-development system at two levels. At the organizational level, these plans make sure that the next age group of leaders will have the skills and skills required to define and implement the corporation’s strategies. According to this research work at the personal level, it forces me as future leader to focus on what needs to be done in order to grow. When done right, the individual development plan becomes a contract future leaders make with themselves and the organization about the things they want to do or to become. The plan creates discipline and a good plan creates motivation. If we analyzed then we come to know about basic object of this research based project: 1. Research into different area networks (LAN, WAN, MAN, etc) 2. Research into few network modelling and simulation software. (OPNET guru †¦etc) 3. Critical evaluation on the chosen area network (WAN) 4. Critical evaluation on the chosen network modelling and simulation software(OPNET guru) 5. To illustrate the issues to produce a better performance of a WAN 6. Using network modelling and simulation software(OPNET guru) to create a simulation for the designed network model 7. Implement a prototype to demonstrate the simulation of the network. 8. Testing the prototype to ensure it performs and its performance of the network met the requirements. No doubt, the worth network systems of Nokia is a ground of hypercompetitive and personal development spirited individuals were look at in an example of successful people. As predictable, people higher in hypercompetitiveness and in personal development competitiveness were together further possible to support values connected to self-contained uniqueness such as attainment, hedonism, and a determined for an exciting and demanding life, but merely hypercompetitives authorized the worth of power and control over others. Furthermore, the data point to that people higher in personal development competitiveness were extra prone to support values linked to ensembled uniqueness. In exacting, they powerfully endorsed values linked with social concern, that is, with caring regarding the well-being of others and by treating them by admiration and as equals, whereas hypercompetitives uttered a lack of such concern. Discussion centered on the socialization procedure and how it can foster the development of dissimilar competitive orientations (Barak, A., 2005, 471-476). Strengths And Weaknesses During The Research Following strengths and weaknesses during this Research I have developed in my self and it is consist of eight part scores are derived directly from the work of my research 1. Self-esteem: An individual’s insight of self-worth as well as peers’ depicted value or feelings of significance of self during this technical research. 2. Coping Skills: Individual’s aptitude to develop and use effectual skills needed to total tasks successfully during this technical research. 3. Positive Assertiveness: Positive actions that are heading for to unpleasant and defensive strategies for objective attainment during this technical research. 4. Locus of Control: Full receipt and faith that personal achievement is not a matter of ‘luck,’ but rather personal decision making during this technical research. 5. Team Membership: An individual’s incessant recognition and actions are for eternity in full agreement by values and practices of possess group membership during this technical research. 6. Sympathy: An individual’s sustained ability and carry out to sympathize and feel the pains of every people and animals during this technical research. 7. Self-efficacy: The full work out of control from side to side personal expectations by the essential expansion of actions to total task productively during this technical research. 8. Caring: Whatever happens to one person or animal anywhere in the globe is significant to all people all over the place. Developmental Needs Personal development is supreme in sustaining and improving the functions of societies of any form. Maturity, as a function of personal development, is that condition or time of life at which a person is careful fully developed socially, intellectually, emotionally, physically, and morally. For complete personal development during technical research is the final objective of human development according to computer expert idea of self-actualization. Throughout this research and at work the professional ethics have been to make sure that I have to learn to live and produce together in peace environment for a good performance and agreement in such a way that each one stands to benefit from every other’s full contribution in upholding the values deemed significant for the betterment of organization. Deliverables Within The Research Proposal This infrastructure can be federal, state, wide or corporate. In this proposed network system few live models of the infrastructure will be subjected to steady attacks of viruses for weaknesses of clients and server relations. †¢ End-users of security: is another good aspect of proposed network. End users of security are frequently forced to deploy technology without field-testing. The proposed facility at Nokia will provide a place for end-users to test out security configurations. †¢ Developers of security: The proposed network will offer a trial setting for developers to organize versions of their products. The Nokia can also serve as a test bed for interoperation among dissimilar vendors. †¢ WAN Researchers: The Nokia will be intended to offer outstanding surroundings to behavior state of the WAN research in computer security and security tool development. By its very nature information declaration is a multidisciplinary research area for proposed network. While most organizations that carry out explore in computer security focal point exclusively on the technical issues, it is proposing a truthfully multidisciplinary endeavor with ability from all regions. It is this amalgamation of technology, business issues, strategy concerns and ethics that construct our program exclusive and will permit us to manufacture extremely capable researchers and IT specialists. In this proposed study selected to separate information pledge in six explore efforts; Interruption detection, attack broadminded networks, rejection of service, Cyber rule, digital government, and e-commerce, Wireless communications and mobile security. Declaration Of New Skills Acquired And Old One That Were Strengthened Due to this network based research the benefits resulting from participation are a function of the superiority and quantity of attempt for my research attempt. For instance, my positive struggle is related to the positive association among grades and the amount of thinker effort put into studying, organizing a campus-wide event requires further effort and is potentially a extra powerful learning knowledge than only attending the event. Those involved in the provision and exploitation of information require certain basic personal qualities as well as professional or technical skills and qualifications. You need only take a detailed look at current job advertisements to get some idea of what is being sought by today’s employer. ‘Dynamic and forward thinking’, ‘ability to work well under pressure’, ‘strong interpersonal skills’, ‘enthusiastic self-starter’, ‘good communication and team working skills’, ‘well developed IT skills’, ‘ability to teach client groups’, ‘project management skills’, ‘sense of humour’ (Elliott, R., 2003, 443-467). Four of the eight part scores are incorporated inside the Internal and Personal areas of one’s life spaced; while the further four part scores are from the External and unfriendly areas (Crutchfield, 2000, 162-169). 1. Home: The period connecting to research is the untimely rearing of the child and the hold up system that is concerned in that period of life. 2. Emotional: The feeling and emotional development in relation to interacting with others during this project. 3. Moral: Acceptance and following of the rules and laws of the land and becoming a role model for others during this project. 4. Health: Physical and mental health of individual as displayed in the personal development process during this project. 6. Social: The interrelations among the individual and the rest of society during this project. 7. Survival: The sustained enlargement of an individual and his/her ability to influence the environment and others during this project. 8. Race: The general receiving of all others and the aptitude to interrelate by them in a significant way during this project. Conclusion In opening any conversation on personal development during this project it has been noticeable that the initial response has usually been based on an assumption that the topic under discussion is training. Whilst this plays an important part, personal development is a broader process, concerned with motivation, attitudes and personal qualities, as well as job-related skills (Eriksen, K.,2003, 120-133). No doubt this research reveals to put it simply, it is a constant process in which the individual seeks to enhance his or her knowledge, abilities and skills, and/or develop new ones; a process of continuous self-building and realisation of his or her full potential. It takes place by linking abilities with preferences to achieve personal goals, and applies to all aspects of the individual’s life (Gershefski, 2004, 233-247). For the purposes of this book it is in the context of the work situation that personal development is considered, but development of a professional nature and the resultant job satisfaction is likely to have a positive effect on life outside the work situation (LaCrosse, 2004, 170-172). In concluding end with the help of this research I came to know that the Nokia IT Network Administrators have worked with quite a few local law enforcement agencies to offer computer forensics support, counsel, and preparation for international connectivity purpose. The Nokia can be used to offer these services to law enforcement. Reference Ametrano, I. M., & Pappas, J. G. (2003). Client-perceptions of counselors-in-training: The effects of sex and gender role orientation. Counselor Education & Supervision, 35(3), 190-193. Bachelor, A. (2001). Comparison and relationship to outcome of diverse dimensions of the helping alliance as seen by client and therapist. Psychotherapy, 25, 227-240. Barak, A., & LaCrosse, M. B. (2005). Multidimensional perception of counselor behavior. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 471476. Braden, R., Ed., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., and S. Jamin, Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) — Version 1 Functional Specification, RFC 2205, September 2004 Baskett, F., Chandy, M., Muntz, R., and Palacios, F. Open, Closed, and Mixed Networks of Queues with Different Classes of Customers. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 22, 2 (2005), 248-260 Cooke, M., & Kipnis, D. (2002). Influence tactics in psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling & Clinical Psychology, 54(1), 22-26. Corri gan, J. D., & Schmidt, L. D. (2003). Development and validation of revisions in the Counselor Rating Form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30(1), 64-75. Crutchfield, L. B., Baltimore, M. L., Felfeli, M., & Worth, S. (2000). Empathic responding skills across counselor education training tracks: A comparison study. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 38(3), 162-169. Downing, T. K., Smaby, M. H., & Maddux, C. D. (2001). A study of the transfer of group counseling from training to practice. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 26, 156-176. Elliott, R., & James, E. (2003). Varieties of client experience in psychotherapy: An analysis of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 443-467. Eriksen, K., & McAuliffe, G. (2003). A measure of counselor competency. Counselor Education & Supervision, 43(2), 120-133. Gershefski, J. J., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., & Elkin, I. (2004). Clients’ perceptions of treatment for depression: I. Helpful aspects. Psychotherapy Research, 6(4), 233-247. Howley, D. (2003). Performance assessment in medical education. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 27(3), 285-303. LaCrosse, M. B., & Barak, A. (2004). Differential perception of counselor behavior. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23, 170-172.

Limitations placed on American civil liberties during the Cold War Research Paper

Limitations placed on American civil liberties during the Cold War - Research Paper Example This conflict ranged from mere subtle espionage across in major cities to combat action in places such as the Vietnam. The Cold War was thus pegged on communist fear that ended up curtailing the America’s freedom of speech, altered the foreign policies, and discouraged the voices of dissent. The Cold War period remains one of the most repressive times in the history of the U.S. where the freedom of speech was significantly subjugated. In an effort to bring to light cases of espionage, root out disloyal citizens, and the threat of communist spreading across the world, the U.S. government rolled out a number of programs that instilled so much fear among the Americans. At the centre of the repressive policies was the anticommunist Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthy was in charge of House Un-American Activities Committee whose role was to investigate acts of subversion that threatened the U.S. constitution1. This committee inadvertently began looking into suspicious cases of people within the federal government either directly or indirectly supporting communist’s agenda. Those holding public offices were thus required to take loyalty oaths as one of the measures to test or deter Communist sympathizers. The loyalty program later became part and parcel of Presidential E xecutive Orders2. The end result was of this loyalty program is that many Americans became afraid or discouraged of raising their thoughts or debating outside what was regarded as the norm. The â€Å"red scare† and fear of contradicting the norm made many Americans afraid of exercising their Freedom of speech as embodied in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The right to openly and publicly express ones idea were significantly hampered as one could easily be mistaken or linked to communist sympathizer. The Cold War equally affected the American politics to a greater extent. The U.S. presidents under the full backing of the congress set out to revise

Write a topic of your choice involving either a federal or Florida Essay

Write a topic of your choice involving either a federal or Florida state administrative law agency - Essay Example This essay will set forth the relevant portions of the MPRSA as it applies to ocean disposals of dredged materials and present a case from California where the MPRSA mandated civil penalties for a commercial dredging company. As an initial matter, the primary purpose of the MPRSA is to prevent the disposal of any materials in the ocean, within American jurisdiction, unless that disposal has previously been authorized by a permit granted by the United States Army Corps of engineers with the subsequent approval of the EPA (MPRSA section 101(a); 33 United States Code section 1411). A permit, however, is not easy to obtain; more importantly, as stated by the governing statute and administrative regulations, violating the terms of an otherwise legal permit is also unlawful and will result in civil liability. As a general rule, a permit may be obtained only when the ocean dumping does not â€Å"unreasonable degrade or endanger human health, welfare or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems or economic potentialities† (MPRSA section 102; United States Code section 1412). The Code of Federal Regulations sets forth guidelines for determining whether a particular permit application ought t o be approved or denied; and, while both the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the EPA are involved in assessing permit applications, the EPA is the superior administrative agency and its decisions override all other agencies (40 Code of Federal Regulations sections 225.1 & 225.2(c)). In short, the disposal of dredged materials in the ocean is prohibited, a permit application does exist, and there are very strict requirements for a permit to be approved. The MPRSA is enforced through section 105(a), which authorizes the EPA to assess a civil penalty not exceeding $50,000 per day for any violation. These violations may

SC2001C Community Culture and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

SC2001C Community Culture and Change - Essay Example and religious identities was constantly contested.† However, a dynamic British State was established out of a manifold of economic, ethnic, religious commitments. This is due to the different Acts of Union, from 1536 to 1800 were formulated for political homogeneity rather than an actual unification of diverse cultures (ibid). In this paper, it will be argued that diversity and cultural differences in contemporary British society actually disrupt or weaken the cohesion of British community and its larger society. This argument will be supported by various allusions on historical and current developments in Britain through initially establishing a distinctive British culture and identity. Culture and identity are very intricate phenomena. Identity can come from various origins and show itself in various ways. An individual can feel a strong sense of distinctiveness as a person, as a member of a community interest group, or a social group, or a racial and ethnic group, or the same sex, through community bonding or through a shared national legacy. According to Linda Colley (1992) identities are not similar to hats. Most individuals can and do assume different identities simultaneously. Identity is frequently identified through allusion to others. As Cohen (1995) asserts, â€Å"You know who you are, only by knowing who you are not† (36). A sense of identity is rooted from and is strengthened through cultural features such as food, music and others that shape the unprocessed material for constructing identity symbols. Mackenzie (1978) believes that identity is based on diversity and can be rooted from state, race, religion and class. Culture and identity can be e ducated by history forming ancestral origins and by geography advancing a sense of membership. As Smith (2000) illustrates, a soon-to be Englishman requires two elements as identifiers, a football team and a tone of voice. People, hence, become conscious of their culture through their identities whereas

BUS503 - Org. Change and Transformation Mod 5 Case Assignment Essay

BUS503 - Org. Change and Transformation Mod 5 Case Assignment - Essay Example Bahe (2005) tells us that the average employee responds to each change in the following way, disbelief and denial, anger and blame, reluctant acceptance, and the final stage. In each of these stages the employees are very needy and need to be kept informed. Unfortunately today, change happens so fast that the employee often only has time to get through this process and then start again making change a time consuming process for managers as well (Sherman, 2009). The possible sources of resistance from the structural point of view are many. Bahe (2005), tells us that there are six sources of resistance that are typical of most organizations. Those are identified as structural inertia, limited focus of change, group inertia, perceived threat to expertise, and threat to established resource allocations. Structural inertia is the process of actually running the business, policies and procedures etc. The idea is to keep the company moving forward so the question is, is there a threat to that? The focus of change, we have all seen. This happens when no everyone makes the change. For example, one department decides to go on and do it the way they always have even though the rest of the departments have changed. It might even take a little while to discover. When group inertia happens, there is usually a specialized group that attempts to stop the change such as a union. There is of course the perceived threat to expertise. If we make this change will my knowledge not be important any more, will a robot be doing my job? Power relationships are what leadership is all about. It can be good power or bad power but everyone needs certain amount of power to get the job done. It is not unusual for a leader to have spent some time building up different kinds of power in his position. If that is possibly going to be affected there is then huge resistance and a lot of that will come from managers.

Stem Cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stem Cells - Essay Example Stem cells are not specialized and have the capacity of renewing themselves through a biological process called cell division. Moreover, research has shown that when stem cells can be induced to become specific organ specific cells or became a tissue with special functions (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). Stem cells play a critical role in some organs like the bone marrow and the gut whereby they divide regularity to replace damaged or worn out tissues. There are two major kinds of stem cells. They include embryonic stem cells and somatic or adult stem cells. Stem cells are important for any living organisms in many ways (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). In this scenario, 3-5 years old blastcyst or the embryo inner cells give rise to all body tissues and organs with different specialized functions like the heart, lungs, eggs, sperm cells and many other cells with different specialized functions. Moreover, on adults, stem cells play a crucial role through the regeneration capacity they are able to regenerate cells that have been lost through disease, normal wear or injury. Due to their unique capacity to regenerate new cells, stem cells have played a potential role in treating diseases like heart diseases and diabetes. Research is ongoing to establish on how to use these cells to treat disease, and there are several achievements in this field that is now called reparative or regenerative medicine. One of the cons surrounding the stem cells is controversy concerning the ethics. This is because until recent years scientists have been using aborted embryo to derive the embryonic stem cells from which is unethical. However, with the advancement of technology, researchers currently use ethical methods like the Induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPS). The cells are artificially derived from non-pluripotent cell like the somatic cells (Explorable.com, 2008). The use of pluripotent stem cells had shunned the controversial

Corporate finance (Accounting) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate finance (Accounting) - Essay Example By capital budgeting of an entity we mean a detailed planning of capital assets. The decision about capital budgeting helps in determining whether or not the money should be invested in long term projects. When we consider the Research and Development projects of G&H PLC for the purpose of better decision making, we find that the fundamental project evaluation techniques like Pay back period, ARR (Accounting or Average Rate of Return), NPV (Net Present Value), or IRR (Internal Rate of Return) are applicable. The initial outlay or initial investment of the project of G&H Plc is 4m, i.e. 4000000. Pay Back Period= 4000000, i.e. ( '000s), Option A= 4000/468= 8.547 years approximately, and for option B= 4000/305= 13.114years approximately. If both options are considered in fact option A has 8.5years and B has more than 13years, but option B has a much higher return than option A, so it should be preferred. Assume that net income for the first year is taken for both options, and there is no scrap taking place. Both these options are not equal since the profit in Option B starts accruing at a much higher level as compared to the profits of Option A. So, ARR fails to give stress for the concept of Time Value of Money. 1RR= It means, the sum total of cash inflows after discounting equals to the discounted cash outflows. Under IRR, the discount rate makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. Assume that, here, in both options the discounted value is in between 10% and 12%. Take inflow of 10% given in the table above and 12% factor for Option A assumes 750.9 and Option B assumes 1750.3 approximately. IRR= r+ PVCFAT_ PVCO/PV*r Here, PVCO= present Value of cash outlay.

Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communiation Release Essay

Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communiation Release - Essay Example Immediately rescue efforts began, but two days later, another shaft collapsed halting the rescue operation of the crews for many hours. Indeed, in such a situation, the company would need to be more cautious in how the world is notified of the incidence (Lusted, 2012). Basically, there are two ways in which the company would be expected to communicate information. The first being directed to the families of the workers trapped, the second to the other employees and finally, to the press. Those chosen to relay the information would be expected to be more careful so as to keep the goodwill of the company unaffected while ensuring that all the information is truthfully and accurately conveyed (Lundgren and McMakin, 2011). This may be achieved by knowing the potential needs of the families of the miners and that of the company’s employees. In this respect, the family members need consolation and the assurance that the company did its best to help save lives and prevent further losses. The employees need the assurance that the company is concerned about their safety and welfare. The potential needs of the families of trapped miners in receiving a message concerning this incident would include among other things a detailed information of any potential dangers to the trapped miners, clear steps the company is taking with actual details and times, in order to convince the families that no opportunity or expense is being spared by the company to rescue their loved ones. It is also critical at the onset of the disaster to provide information relating to the identities and number of miners trapped (Lundgren and McMakin, 2011). The potential needs of employees of the company in receiving the message about this incidence would include knowledge of the identity, the number of colleagues trapped, and the efforts being made by the company in an attempt to save their tapped colleagues.

Love and Family Essay Example for Free

Love and Family Essay The short story â€Å"Eveline,† by James Joyce is a story of a young girl who must make a decision between an unhappy life that she is familiar and comfortable with and a life of possible happiness, love, and the unknown. If she leaves with the sailor she has become fond of, she would have the chance to run off to unknown fun, unlimited dreams, and the possibility of love, or the possibility of a life of solitude. If she chose to stay with her father who was abusive and unwilling to change his ways, she would most certainly have a life of predictability and unhappiness. This made life with Frank sound more appealing. Also, Eveline had made a promise to her dying mother to take care of the home and her younger siblings for as long as she could. She would have to go back on her promise. Could she break a promise to her dying mother? The neighborhood she lived in was predictable and comfortable. She knew everything about it. As hard as the decision was, Eveline made the right decision to stay with her family because she is afraid to fail. Although Frank was a sailor that promised fun, dreams, and the ability to be happy, he could never make Eveline completely happy without love. When they would meet in secret she would always have fun with him. He made her happy. They would go to shows and he would sing to her. He made her feel special, which was something Eveline yearned for. Frank was mysterious. He told her stories of the many things he would do on his travels. He told of how he traveled through the Straights of Magellan and of when he had fallen on his feet in Buenos Ayres. His stories were always elaborate and often seemingly unbelievable at times. He told her he would take her to Buenos Ayres; this is where they would live happily ever after. He had a house waiting for her, he told her. She would be his wife. He never actually told her though, what would become of them or how they would survive. She knew Frank could give her life, but only perhaps love too. Eveline was not in love with Frank. At the end of this short story when she tells him good bye her eyes showed him no sign of farewell, or recognition, or love. When she decided to stay, Eveline knew what the rest of her life had in store with her family. Eveline was comfortable with her family and knew what to expect for the rest of her life. She had food and shelter. Her father was abusive and demanding but, he was always there for her and her family. One time when she was sick he read her a story and made her toast by the fire. This shows that even if his actions don’t always prove it, he cares about her and loves her. She would have to give up her family to stay with Frank because her father did not like him. Once her father had quarreled with Frank, after that she had been forbidden to see him any longer. She loved her family. It would be too difficult to give up on her family to be with a man she did not love. If she failed she would not have her family. Eveline never wanted to disappoint anyone in anything she did. If she left she would even disappoint her dead mother. Eveline had made a promise to her dying mother, on her death bed, the night she died, to keep the house together for as long as she could. This was hard for Eveline, but she knew it must be done. Eveline was the only person who could take on the task of caring for her siblings after her mother had passed away. Her father was often in a bad way, and would become violent with everyone that he came in contact with. Eveline would give all her money to the family for what they needed and wished she could give more. If Eveline stayed she would have to continue to work hard to keep her family together, but it was familiar and did not threaten failure and loneliness. She knew what was expected of her and knew she could do it. She would go to work, come home, and take care of her family that was her routine. Eveline was comfortable. She would work hard to keep her family together. She would not fail and she would forever be able to stay in the house she was familiar with and loved. Eveline was so accustomed to the neighborhood she lived, it had become comfortable. This was where she had grown up. She used to play in the streets and she knew everybody. She even knew the sounds of the people walking down the street, like the familiar footsteps clacking on the pavement of the man in the last house on his way home. She knew the familiar smells of the area. She was fond of the smell of her house. Eveline often mentioned the familiar odor of dusty creatone. Everything in the house was familiar and she had wondered at times if she would ever see them again. She had never dreamed of being divided from them. She was unsure if she could leave and not come back. She would never be able to see these things again. This was something Eveline could never face. Eveline was a weak woman brought down by a man all her life. Eveline made the right decision by staying because she had no idea what was ahead and was too afraid of failure. The risk of failure was too real. There were no promises of success. Eveline realized she only had one family and if you turn on them you have nobody left. If she were to fail with Frank she would have to fail alone, she than would have nobody to be there to help pick up the pieces. She would never again have the familiar sounds in the street, the house she grew up in, or her family. She would have to break a promise she made to her dying mother. Eveline did not believe it was worth the chance of failure. Eveline made the right decision to stay with her family.

Attendance Monitoring Information System Essay Example for Free

Attendance Monitoring Information System Essay The Project READ resulted from individual and group studies and experiences of ePerformax staff members in the course of working with potential recruits. Their research yielded the following realities which aroused concern: While there were a lot of better paying jobs for Filipinos who had a good command of the English language, there were not enough Filipinos who could qualify. Job seekers who come from middle income means and higher had better chances to land good jobs because they are more proficient in English and can help themselves to more books to improve themselves. Job seekers who learned English at a younger age tend to have little trouble adjusting to global standards and communication challenges. The younger one develops English skills, the higher the chances of success later on in life. Monetary assistance to the poor tend to be short-lived and non sustaining, but providing them skills for self-help gave them a chance for a better future. Cultivating English proficiency and access to books may provide a solution. Brief History of the company ePerformax Contact Centers BPO (eP) is a joint venture between TDG and ePerformax Contact Centers USA. As one of the first contact centers in the Philippines in 2002, eP provides high-performance customer service and BPO to a strategic group of US Fortune 500 companies. eP provides English speaking inbound customer service, sales support and BPO via voice calls, email and chat supporting client’s customers from the US, Canada and Australia.. eP’s sister company, the Global Communications Management Academy, provides the essential training and skills to prepare Filipinos for a job in the country’s highly-regarded BPO industry supporting global companies. Services Offered and its description They seek to partner with their clients to manage their program from a business perspective to achieve their goals and vision. They think like we think†¦ strategically and financially with a keen focus on the business today and an eye on the future. This means they understand the need to be responsive and proactive. They don’t wait for you to tell us to make improvements. They suggest improvements to us and work with the team to make them happen. Simply put, customer experience involves customer service, plus making sure the customer is fully satisfied at every point where he or she comes into contact with the organization. That’s a never-ending process of listening to the customer, servicing the customer, learning from the customer and improving for the customer. That’s how they view their client partnerships. PERFORM in ePerformax: P – Passion Persuades The entire ePerformax team is driven to be the best. Every employee is compensated based on their ability to achieve the KPMs that are aligned with their client’s business objectives. They make analytics common practice at all levels of management to give their managers the tools to understand the dynamics of our business in order to know what’s really working, what’s not and why, and what to do to positively influence performance. At ePerformax they have a driving desire to be the best. E – Empowerment Leads Their analytical processes take the guess work out of making solid decisions, and their team members are empowered to take action and manage the business as if it were their own. Armed with the data, analytical tools and proper training, their team can proactively address both challenges and opportunities, manage risks, improve efficiencies, reduce costs through elimination of unnecessary work, and identify patterns in the vast amounts of available data to take corrective actions that result in continuous improvements. At ePerformax they don’t wait to be told which direction to go. They lead the way. R – Resourcefulness Rocks Resourcefulness and empowerment go hand-in-hand. To maximize their analytical capabilities management not only needs to make decisions, but also have the resourcefulness to implement them. This is yet another point of differentiation they believe contributes to their ability to outperform other competitive vendors. Every aspect of the operation requires creativity in identifying valuable data and organizing resources to deliver results. Their managers are trained and empowered to be resourceful in their roles. At ePerformax they don’t accept limitations. They find solutions. F – Flexibility Thrives Another key point of differentiation is the speed at which they respond to their client’s changing needs. Their job is to make it easy for their clients to make the necessary adjustments to their business even if they don’t make it easy for the team. It is because of their size and small number of clients, they are able to deliver speed boat responsiveness. They are also one of only a few companies that has implemented a compressed, 48-hour work week for agents. That means they pay their staff for 8 hours above the 40 hours of productive time each individual is scheduled. That allows flex time for coaching, training and taking calls if needed to support services levels. At ePerformax they’re not easily rattled. They accept the need for change. O – Optimism Prevails This is an important component of their ability to meet and exceed our objectives. In order to be optimistic, they start by being realistic. They look at every action they are planning for the worst case scenarios and by doing so they are then able to minimize risk and focus on success. Optimism, properly managed is a catalyst for change. And in a constantly changing industry and a continuous improvement culture, change is what ultimately drives results. At ePerformax they believe in the potential of every team member. R – Results – Orientation Wins They know that hard work and hard results are different and they believe in achieving the hard results. They work with their clients to ensure that their KPMs are directly aligned with their business objectives. And they adopt a single-minded focus to achieving those objectives. By focusing their efforts on the KPMs at all levels of the organization, they develop clarity of purpose, momentum and a methodology for prioritization of the work needed to be done to get the desired results. At ePerformax they understand the difference between hard work and hard results. They always go for hard results. M – Motivation Succeeds Every action has a consequence and when the positive consequences outweigh the negative consequences, they motivate the performance they want to achieve. As such, we see a critical need for their business culture, disciplines, accountabilities and incentives to be aligned with their clients. We monitor our results constantly to ensure they are motivating every individual to contribution. In doing so, they have been able to develop a high-performing team that wants to win for their clients. That gives their clients the assurance that they are aligned with them. And that’s motivating to everyone. Objective The objective of this visit in ePerformax is to know how they seek to partner with their clients to manage their program from a business perspective to achieve their goals and vision.

The Issue Of Elder Abuse And Neglect Social Work Essay

The Issue Of Elder Abuse And Neglect Social Work Essay Elder abuse and neglect is a critical health care issue that must be brought to the attention of health care providers and older adults family members. Adults older than 65 who live at home or in long-term care facilities may be at risk for abuse. Nurses should be aware of the causes, screening questions, symptoms of abuse, and resources in the community. Armed with information and a better understanding about the issue, nurses can minimize the devastating effects of abuse on older adults and their families. Every man, woman, and child deserves to be treated with respect and caring. Individuals of all ages deserve to be protected from harm by caregivers (American Psychological Association, 2006). Significant policy developments during the past 20 years have focused on eliminating abuse. However, a deficit in health care providers knowledge and clinical skill application remains. The purpose of this article is to define and describe the kinds of abuse, their potential clinical presentations, and theoretical explanations for abuse to enhance nurses knowledge and understanding of their role in its assessment and management in older adults. BACKGROUND Abuse is defined as the infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation, or punishment, with resulting physical harm, pain, or mental anguish (Table 1). It can also be the willful deprivation by a caregiver of goods or services that are necessary to maintain physical or mental health (American Psychological Association, 2006). Elder abuse and neglect has plagued society for centuries but only recently has the issue come to the attention of health care providers, law enforcement agencies, and protective services. Fewer research studies exist about the maltreatment of older adults than about other forms of family violence, including child abuse, rape, and intimate partner violence. The earliest reports of elder abuse and neglect in the United Kingdom in the 1970s dramatized case reports of the phenomenon, termed Granny battering. The health care community and the public were shocked and appalled. A decade later, studies confirmed that the problem was common in the United S tates as well. In the late 1970s, the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging issued a series of reports on abuse and neglect occurring in nursing homes. In 1981, the U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee on Aging conducted hearings in which victimized older adults gave firsthand testimony of their experiences with abuse. In 1986, the Institute of Medicine published recommendations for preventing the maltreatment of older adults in institutions, and several years later, the Elder Abuse Task Force was created by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The task force developed an action plan for the identification and prevention of maltreatment of older adults in their own homes, health care facilities, and communities. The action plan included data collection, research, technical assistance, training, and public education. The National Center on Elder Abuse was established as part of the Administration on Agings Elder Care Campaign. Adult Protective Services progra ms now exist in every state to serve vulnerable adults, particularly older adults, who may be at risk for abuse and neglect. Many law enforcement agencies and Offices of the District Attorney have investigative staff specifically trained to address abuse of older adults and other vulnerable populations, in collaboration with health care and protective service professionals. Such actions have led to increased public and health care provider awareness about elder abuse and neglect. Researchers have also sought to grasp the full scope and causes of maltreatment among older adults. Laws that require health care providers to report suspected cases have been instituted in nearly every state. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (2006) standards for emergency departments and ambulatory care centers call for improved identification and management of elder abuse, in addition to intimate partner violence and child abuse. As the U.S. population ages, demands placed on health care systems to care for older adults are increasing. More than 36 million people who live in the United States are older than age 65, and 600,000 older adults will require assisted living (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging, 2006). Currently, there are approximately 17,000 nursing homes in the United States, with 1.6 million residents (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging, 2004). Unfortunately, older adults are becoming victims of intentional abuse and neglect within their own homes, as well as in assisted living and long-term care facilities. Each year in the United States, 1 to 2 million adults older than age 65 are injured, exploited, or mistreated by their caregivers (National Research Council Panel to Review Risk and Prevalence of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 2003). One community-based, cross-sectional survey reported that 32 of every 1,000 older adults reported that they had experienced some form of maltreatment at least once since reaching age 65 (Pillemer Finkelhor, 1988). Underreporting is typical with all kinds of abuse, and it is estimated that only 1 in 14 elder maltreatment cases are reported. Health care providers can expect to see a steady increase in the number of cases of elder maltreatment as the older adult population rapidly increases. THEORIES OF ELDER ABUSE Elder abuse is a complex problem with multiple risks and causes. Dysfunctional family lives, cultural issues, and caregiver inadequacies have been implicated as contributing factors. Awareness of such factors may help nurses understand and anticipate situations where maltreatment may be preventable. Several theories attempt to explain the existence and increasing occurrence of elder abuse. The transgenerational, or social learning, theory asserts that violence is a learned behavior. Individuals who have witnessed or been victims of family violence are more likely to try to resolve challenging and difficult life situations with violent tactics they learned in their formative growth. Although 90% of perpetrators of elder abuse are reported to be family members, this cannot account for all cases (Fulmer, Guadagno, Bitondo, Dyer, Connolly, 2004). Situational theory supports the idea that the greater the burden on caregivers, the more likely caregivers are to abuse. Exchange theory addresses the dependence of older adults on their caregivers as a risk of abuse, along with inadequate methods of problem solving as an established pattern of family behavior. Political economic theory addresses the changing roles of older adults. Their loss of independence and income may cause them to look to others for care and support (Fulmer et al., 2004). Psychopathology of the caregiver theory studies caregivers with severe emotional or mental health problems or addictions that put the older adults for whom they care at risk of being abused. For example, a caregiver with a mental health problem who cares for a frail older adult with cognitive impairment is a dangerous combination and may lead to resistant behavior and maltreatment. Although theoretical frameworks cannot explain all cases of elder maltreatment, they can provide a foundation for nurses to begin to understand the combination of factors responsible for the occurrence of elder abuse and initiate a holistic plan of care. NURSING ASSESSMENT INTERVENTIONS Nurses are in an ideal position to play a significant role in the detection, management, and prevention of elder maltreatment and may be the only individuals outside of the family who have regular contact with an older adult. Nurses are uniquely qualified to perform physical and psychological assessments, order confirmatory diagnostic tests (e.g., blood tests, x-rays), and collaborate with physicians and protective services. They may authorize services, such as home health care, or recommend hospital admission as they initiate further investigation by the appropriate local agencies. Opportunities for abuse detection and intervention occur daily in health care settings. In institutional settings, nurses may monitor patient health and perform health history interviews and physical, psychological, sexual, and financial abuse assessments that may be crucial to elicit reports, expose or prevent abuse, and intervene for patients safety (Wieland, 2000). Nurses and other health care providers are part of an interprofessional team collaborating to ensure appropriate, sensitive, and safe outcomes for older adult patients. Institutional maltreatment occurs in long-term care facilities, board-and-care homes, and other assisted-living facilities. Institutional medical directors, private practitioners, nurses, and all health care workers in daily contact with older adults have a responsibility to identify, treat, and prevent abuse. Abuse may be perpetrated by a staff member, another patient, an intruder or a visitor, or a family caregiver. Abuse may include failure to implement a plan of care or provide treatment, unauthorized use of physical or chemical restraints, and use of medication or isolation for punishment or staff convenience. Nurses must be aware of patient diagnoses, medical orders for care, and medications and their side effects to recognize what is suspicious and needs further evaluation or warrants a report to supervisors. However, most elder maltreatment does not occur in institutions but in the home at the hands of a caregiver, often a family member. Unless nurses are educated about abuse and how to observe suspicious injuries, elder abuse may be difficult to detect. Definitions of the kinds of abuse and their signs and symptoms should be included in the training and education of family members and health care workers who care for older adults. Older adults experiencing abuse may be unable to communicate clearly, their bruises may be attributed to the aging process, or they may be fearful and hesitant to report abuse (Wieland, 2000). Indications of physical abuse should signal health care providers to evaluate for other kinds of abuse, such as sexual abuse. In addition to inadequate information, training, and the caregivers experience of caring for older adults, older adults are at risk for maltreatment due to other vulnerabilities. Older adult residents in institutions are typically dependent and chronically ill and may have cognitive, visual, and auditory impairments. They are usually more frail than are younger patients and may not have regular visitors who monitor their mental status, physical condition, or health care. In older adults, each vulnerability increases their mortality risk (Fulmer et al., 2004). Co-existing conditions and medical diagnoses may lead to worse outcomes for older adults who are abused. They may have a decreased ability to heal after injury and may experience greater trauma from physical injuries than do younger people. Their bones are more brittle and tissue more easily bruised, abraded, and lacerated with minimal trauma. Injured older adults differ from the younger population in terms of cause of injury, physical and psychological responses to abuse and injury, and outcomes. Dementia is common in 50% of residents of long-term care facilities (National Center for Health Statistics, 1985), and cognitive impairments often cause older adults to behave in a more resistant manner toward caregivers. Impaired cognition, along with insufficient resources, staff shortages, high staff turnover, and inadequate supervision and training, may increase the risk of elder maltreatment. In addition, societal ignorance about required standards for quality care and victimized older adults acceptance of abusive or neglectful behavior can lead to exacerbation of elder abuse in institutions. Routine questions related to elder abuse and neglect can be incorporated into daily nursing practice. Diminished cognitive capacity does not necessarily negate older adults ability to describe maltreatment. It is always reasonable for nurses to ask about abuse or neglect. A brief mental status examination can be helpful in evaluating patients cognitive status. Assessment for elder abuse should include caregiver, as well as victim, evaluation. Nurses should conduct interviews and examinations with the patient first, in a private setting separate from the caregiver. Clinical settings should have a protocol for the detection and assessment of elder maltreatment. Protocols should consist of a narrative, checklist, or standardized forms that enable rapid screening for elder abuse and provide guidelines for sound documentation that may help disclose patterns of abuse over time and will withstand scrutiny in court. Basic demographic questions should be included and should allow the interviewer to determine the family composition and socioeconomic status. Interviews should proceed from general questions that assess the patients sense of well-being to those focusing on specific kinds of abuse. Common signs and symptoms of maltreatment should be evaluated (Table 2). Elder abuse screening instruments are summarized by Fulmer et al. (2004). Questions recommended by Wieland (2000) for general abuse screening and assessment include: * Do you feel safe where you are living? * Who is responsible for your care? * Do you often disagree with your caregiver(s)? If so, what happens? * Does anyone scold or shout at you, slap or hit you, or leave you alone and make you wait for care or food? After general screening questions, more specific questions about kinds of abuse may follow: * Has anyone ever touched you without your consent? * Has anyone ever made you do things you did not want to do? * Has anyone ever taken something that was yours without asking? * Have you ever signed any documents that you did not understand? Health care providers do not have to prove that elder maltreatment has occurred. They need to screen and document suspicious verbal and physical findings, which may be as simple as stating that the patient seems to have health or personal problems and needs assistance. Sound documentation may include drawings of injuries on body diagrams or photographs to support written reports. Suspicious claims for abuse and neglect may be difficult to quantify. Diagnosis of elder maltreatment depends on education about abuse and application of that knowledge by the multidisciplinary team of health care providers, law enforcement agencies, advocates, and patients. Protocols for elder abuse screening, assessment of risk factors, and documentation should be posted in all health care facilities. ABUSE AND THE LAW National standards for care in nursing homes are based on the Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987. The law is part of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, often referred to as OBRA 87. The intent of the law is to promote high-quality care and prevent substandard care. The law also seeks to ensure that the rights of nursing home residents are respected. These include: * The right of protection against Medicaid discrimination. * The right to participate in health care decisions and to give or withhold informed consent for particular interventions. * The right to safeguards to reduce inappropriate use of physical and chemical restraints. * The right for provisions to ensure proper transfers or discharges. * The right to full access to a personal physician, long-term care ombudsman, and other advocates. * The right to be free from verbal, sexual, physical, or mental abuse, corporal punishment, and involuntary seclusion. * The right to be free from physical restraints or psychoactive drugs administered for the purpose of discipline or convenience. Nearly all states have mandatory reporting laws that require health care professionals and paraprofessionals to report suspected elder abuse and neglect to a designated authority. Some state laws specify that after authorities have been alerted to suspected elder abuse or neglect, an agent of the state must make an onsite investigation in an attempt to corroborate the report. Uniform reporting systems are established, and cases are assigned and investigated by protective services in a timely fashion. Cases are assigned and investigated by protective services in a timely fashion. Nurses may play an important role in preventing and identifying elder abuse, as well as in the subsequent investigation. CONCLUSION Elder abuse is a significant problem in the United States and often goes unreported and unrecognized. Elder abuse may be physical, emotional, psychological, sexual, or financial. Immediate care, overnight housing, and care in a safe location, in addition to long-term care and home-delivered food, may be necessary. Elder abuse may be a minor issue that can be easily resolved or it can result in severe and life-threatening debilitation. The more knowledge health care providers have, the more likely they are to institute strategies for abuse prevention and management. No matter how minor or severe the abuse, nurses have a duty to assess elderly patients according to recommended protocols and report suspected abuse to designated authorities. The multidisciplinary team then works together to help resolve the issue. The application of knowledge about elder abuse includes screening, assessment, and sound documentation in an attempt to enhance the quality of life and maximize the functional ability of older adults. [Sidebar]

Oedipus the King: A Tragic Hero Essays -- Literary Analysis

In most dramatic plays, tragedy usually strikes the protagonist of the play and leads him, or her, to experience devastating losses. While tragic instances can be avoided, there are other instances where one’s fate and future is out of the protagonist’s control. In Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles and first performed around 249 BC, Oedipus cannot escape his destiny and even though he tries to overcome and circumvent prophecy, he finds out that supernatural forces will get what they want in the end. Oedipus meets the criteria of a tragic hero set forth by Aristotle and his fate within the play demonstrates that one does not always have free will in their lives. Traditionally, in Greek drama, tragedy is meant to reaffirm the concept that life is worth living and that people are in constant opposition with the universe. Action within Greek tragedies commonly comes from inner conflicts. These actions are also intended to create feelings of pity and fear within an individual (â€Å"Greek Theatre History Notes,† 2011). Greek tragedy also holds that the hero of the play, who is a good person yet not perfect, must fall from his or her position of nobility, grace, or power. Additionally, Greek tragedy contends that the audience must experience catharsis after tragic events happen and that the hero is left to face the world by him or herself (â€Å"Greek Theatre History Notes†). Aristotle defined tragedy as, [An] imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its katharsis of such e... ...ory of Tragedy in the POETICS.† Ed. Barbara F. McManus. November 1999. Web. 18 April 2012. Brown, Larry. â€Å"Aristotle on Greek Tragedy.† 2005. Web. 18 April 2012. â€Å"Character Archetypes.† Listology. 15 February 2006. Web. 18 April 2012. Gantz, Timothy. Early Greek Myth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. Print. â€Å"Greek Theatre History Notes.† Web. 18 April 2012. â€Å"Greek Tragic Drama.† Memphis University School. Web. 18 April 2012. Loy, Jim. â€Å"The Riddle of the Sphinx.† 2002. Web. 18 April 2012. â€Å"Myths and Archetypes.† In Search of Myths and Heroes. PBS. November 2005. Web. 18 April 2012. â€Å"Oedipus the King.† Classical Humanities 222, Bucknell University. Spring 1999. Web. 18 April 2012. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Web. 18 April 2012. Struck, Peter T. â€Å"Oedipus as Tragic Hero.† 2009. Web. 18 April 2012. â€Å"Tragedy: The Basics.† Web. 18 April 2012.

Breaking Up (Online or Not) :: essays research papers

How to Break-Up (Online or Otherwise) In the last year, I have watched the fallout from a number of relationships and break-ups take over the bulletin boards. These problems have caused hurt feelings, have ended friendships, and have come to involve dozens of people (through bulletin boards, email, and other electronica) who have no personal stake in the outcome. The emotional devastation these poorly handled situations bring is totally unnecessary, and prompted the following. The following is not scientific fact: it is based on my own observations, the experiences of my friends (male and female; straight, gay, and bi) and family, and a lot of tired, commercial popular psychology. That doesn't, however, mean that it's bad advice. [sanctimony] 1. Do it in person. If this is an online relationship, it may not be possible. That doesn't give you an excuse to send a Dear John/Jane e-mail. Get as close to in-person as you can, given the limitations of space and time. Call on the phone if you must, go over if you can. But NEVER break up with an answering machine, an e-mail account, or a public forum. You and your ex both deserve better: if this relationship ever meant anything to you, it needs closure. If it didn't, you have no right to take that out on them by treating them callously; it's not your ex's fault that you don't love them anymore. You are not "off the hook," you still have to treat them like a real person, with actual feelings. 2. Be honest, and do it before you're so upset that you can't be reasonable. If you're having problems, that doesn't necessarily mean that your partner knows about them or understands what they can do to help. Take the time to let them know what's bothering you. If your partner really cares about you, chances are some compromise can be reached, or they will at least try to address the behaviors that make you crazy. If it's unsalvagable, at least show them enough respect to end things finally, and with dignity. Don't say you want to be "friends" if what you really mean is "drop dead, you jerk." There's a big difference between letting someone down easy and leaving them hanging, emotionally manipulating them to serve your own ego needs. Be clear, concise, and as reasonable and respectful as possible. This isn't easy for anyone, and your ex deserves, at minimum, as much truth as you can give without being brutal and/or hurtful.

Assessing Crime Trends as a Security Specialist Essay -- Crime

Crime is known as an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law. Depending on where one may reside, different punishments from certain crimes can depend on the governmental bodies. Also crimes can vary by the jurisdiction from state to state. For most crimes, after a completion of affirmative action one can be punished for the conduct. Many people have the assumption that crimes are the result of intentional conduct, when most of the time it is negligent conduct such as speeding. When there is a significant change in the nature of chosen crime types within a defined geographical region and stretch of time, is known as a crime trend. When crime trends in different areas are being assessed, various methods are used in order to collect the data that is needed. When first assessing crime one may ask, â€Å"What is the cause of crime.† Criminologists have looked at a ride range to explain the factors on why people tend to commit crimes. Many of these factors can be looked at through different societies, cultures, and families. These aspects can be brought on by certain emotions such as anger, greed, jealousy, and sometimes through getting a rush for carrying out such acts (for example stealing). In the article 10 Causes of Crime By Talidari, reveals 10 different causes on how crime commences: Weakness – regarding lack of faith and/or imbalance, Poor judgment – lack of proper education, Lack of love – living in a dysfunctional family, Poverty – poor families tend and unemployment, Deprived neighborhoods – Economically impecunious neighborhoods, TV violence, Being a victim in a chain of events – being in the wrong place at the wrong time and getting sucked in, Poor parenting... ...The report will also be more precise for the security specialist from the media taken and the reports. Just by looking off charts off of the internet that can be compared to the average in the U.S. without evidence can be sometimes cause disbelief. In order to be able to fully implement protection the different factors stated will make for safer living. Works Cited Careless, J. (2012). Video evidence. Retrieved from http://www.cba.org/CBA/practicelink/leadership_technology/video_evidence.aspx Crime and arrest reports. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/about/spotlight/crimeReport/ Dutelle, A. (2010, January). Documenting the crime scene. Retrieved from http://www.evidencemagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=184 Talidari. (2012). Hub pages. Retrieved from http://talidari.hubpages.com/hub/10-causes-of-crime

Tall Buildings

The aspiration to construct tall buildings is not something new. They have always been used to demonstrate control and wealth. In the world of tall buildings, the design and construction and life safety are the most important aspects of offering a fictional building. The life safety of the occupant of buildings is very essential as today most tenants are worried more and more about how safe the building is? Issues such as unplanned fire, earthquakes, floods and terrorist attacks are major concerns. Such disasters have proved to cost millions of economic, financial and human loss.These disasters tend to have enormous effect on the construction industry; and professionals such as architects, fire engineers, structural engineers, insurers and emergency workers from all over the world were called to discuss the issue and find solutions. Their have been several procedures derived in order to attain security against fire It is not possible to attain the required level of safety by followin g one procedure. Thus several procedures if performed together prove to be helpful in attaining certain results against fire.Most of the fascinating tall buildings and there integrated systems that have reached a level of safety during several events such as the world trade centre1 and 2, the emirates tower in Dubai and many others. â€Å"Understanding the role, limitations and interface between systems is fundamental to system selection. Complementing to systems side of building design is the operating feature or human interface that supplements these sophisticated systems† (Craighead, 2003). To sustain the level of safety and quality it is necessary that security systems are designed with exceptional attention at the time when the design of the building is designed.Then there is the maintenance to keep fire security up to date and in working conditions these systems are to be checked and tested from time to time on regular basis. This paper will offer a review and descripti on of all of these aspects linked to high rise buildings. This study has been researched and developed in order to find requirements concerning fire safety in tall buildings, along with determining the relation between good designs and improving safety of tall buildings and occupants.Aims and ObjectivesAims:The aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of how a better informed design of tall buildings can address fire safety requirements. In particular, it seeks to identify how fire can affect the safety of a tall building and its occupants, It also examine the existing and emerging design solutions and legislation to address the problems and threats of fire safety in tall buildings. According to The New Civil Engineer, â€Å"The WTC disaster has caused us all to think hard about the best actions to take to make tall buildings safer,† (Forest and Wainwright 2002).To improve the overall safety of tall buildings, this research will view a specific aspect of fire emergenc y in more depth. This aspect is related with the comparison of using stairs and elevators in case of an emergency.Objectives:The main objectives or topics of this paper that I have evaluated briefly and thoroughly as per requirement are as following:1. Introduce fire behaviour in tall buildings and how it spreads.2. Outline the consequences for human lives and physical resources.3. Discuss how poor design of tall buildings has caused fire.4. Examine how good design like a balanced approach in using stairs and elevators with respect to the number of floors is useful in minimizing losses during fires.5. Synthesise the main points and outline the recommendations for the design of tall buildings.Hence after evaluating and analysing the sub topics mentioned above in an organized manner it can be expected that we would achieve the desired aims. To thoroughly evaluate the every objective we need to conduct proper research and use appropriate methods to achieve the desired results.Research MethodologyA number of sources have been used to compile this paper. The lists of references are outlined at the end of this paper. In main approaches were selected for this study, which includes:1) Collection of secondary data about history, evolution, development of the design and safety issues in tall buildings and identify how they relate to each other. This included the analysis of books, journals, internet sources and other relevant publications. In addition, codes, standards and regulations which have impacted on fire safety in buildings were also reviewed.2) Analysis of a case study illustrating examples of high rise buildings relating to their success and failure during a fire. This also entailed the examination of design solutions to fire safety.Chapter #2: Literature ReviewThis chapter focuses on the analysis of existing literature on the good designs in relation to tall building. The chapter even revolves around fire behaviour and means of escape in case of fire from tal l buildings. This chapter begins with the importance of tall buildings and what kind of threats pose these magnificent structure, the chapter moves on further with the concepts of good and bad design.At the end of the chapter some legislations and laws are discussed. Tall Buildings Defining a building as being tall and magnificent can be done through the number of floors it has by general people. Then there are terms used that include ‘skyscraper’ and ‘high rise’ these terms are generally used to describe tall building therefore I researched to understand these terms and found meanings that were equally vague:â€Å"Very tall modern building, usually in a city† (Cambridge International Dictionary of English, 2003).â€Å"A very tall building with many storeys† (Word Net, 2003).â€Å"A tall modern building with a lot of floors† (Cambridge International Dictionary of English, 2003).After focusing on dictionaries I spend some time researchin g from books, Skyscrapers have fascinated mankind since the start of civilization.It is not possible to define them by using specific terms linked just to the height or to the number of floors. â€Å"The height of a building is a matter of a person’s or community’s circumstance and their consequent perception† as Stafford-Smith said. Therefore, no definition of tall building can be generally applied.However, the structural engineers define a tall building â€Å"as one that, because of its height, is affected by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake to the extent that the forces play an important role in their structural design† as Stafford-Smith said. (Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design) Advantages of Tall Buildings Tall buildings are designed to supply the requirements of an intended occupancy such as residential, commercial or both together. They are not the only way to attain high density but they can in situations such as small areas of a city where land is limited.Moreover, tall buildings are usually situated or placed near the public transport nodes which reduce the necessity for car use. many people agree that they are advantageous . They can as well take part in a positive part in the design of the city centre by marking places of public, commercial or cultural importance. Also, Refurbishing and reusing the actual unoccupied space can allow the positive flow-on effects of regeneration to be spread more all over the city centre, and as long as they are well designed and located, they can be a positive way to develop in urban areas. (Construction Technology for Tall Buildings)In the early stages of planning a building, the whole design team has to agree on one form of structure to satisfy all the requirements considering the safety and fictional matters. Thus buildings not only help in developments and give accommodation to a huge number of people it gives employment opportunities during the construction of the b uilding. (Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design) Disadvantages of Tall Buildings With advantages tall buildings have many disadvantages, the disadvantages include the existence of too many occupied floors on top of each other means a big concentration of occupants, personal and business property.Which result in a huge possible fuel weight of the building? The disadvantages that it has to face in case of accidental fire is the likelihood of a great uncontrolled fire rising presents danger in tall buildings as it is a vertical structure. There will be delays in reaching the area to provide assistance for example if there will be a fire in the upper floor of the tall building it will be difficult to reach that floor and provide help.In a case of fire, it is difficult for all the occupants to leave the building by using lifts, staircases and emergency exits at once. The access of the fire department can be limited from both outside and inside the building. High rise buildings ha ve natural forces that affect on the fire and smoke movements such as wind which increase the stack effect due to the height of the building, this stack effect can move a large amount of uncontrolled heat or smoke through the building.Problems Faced By Buildings under FireThe construction of tall buildings is much more important than before, as design safety is becoming paramount to avoid the unacceptable loss of lives and the collapse of buildings. Therefore, the construction of tall buildings needs a better approach, combining better design and technological solutions. These solutions should be designed to avoid the collapse of tall buildings, when the supports for one floor of the building fail, causing the failure of the lower floors.To address this issue, recent studies suggest that tall buildings should include a ‘collapse’ floor every 10 storeys, this floor will be able to carry the weight of the floors on top. Modern buildings are at risk to fire because of the steel structural material that looses half its strength at 6000C, which can be easily reached when a building burns. To prevent this, we need to design strong and non-brittle buildings in order to absorb the shock without fracturing the structure of the building. . (Construction Technology for Tall Buildings)Design Plan and Safety Precautions for Fire SafetyThere are many fire life safety systems and equipments that can be used in order to make sure that the building is safe to use and that occupants can be evacuated safely and quickly, and that the right measures are taking at the right time. In order to understand what is required for a typical high rise building it is advised to review the laws, codes and regulations. The construction of skyscrapers necessitates more detailed planning to prevent errors from occurring in the lifecycle of it.Since September 11th 2001 in New York, design teams are more conscious about the health and safety of the community. Buildings are growing tal ler to supply the demand for more space. It is evident that stairs provided in tall buildings as a means of escape are not sufficient. Consequently, there is a need for alternative means of escape from tall buildings in case of a fire. Architects and engineers must provide better solutions when designing tall buildings, as recent event such as 9/11 revealed that existing safety measures are inadequate.For instance, major consideration should be given to how long it takes to get everyone out of a building on case of a fire, taking in consideration that the public cannot, in general, use lifts. . (Construction Technology for Tall Buildings) The planning of tall buildings is an essential procedure, particularly where the environment has old historic buildings. The process become so difficult in this case, and its not just to do with height, it is more to do with the difficulty of integration between the two different types.Consequently, it is important to ensure that the building will have a nice effect on the environment and produce a relaxing surrounding. (Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design) Tall buildings are difficult to build, not just for the safety issues, but also the required services such as elevators, plumbing, wiring, stairs, air-conditioning ducts. In addition to greater beams and columns, buildings require more elevators than short buildings. So, the construction of tall buildings makes business sense but necessitates huge architectural and engineering efforts.(Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design) The design and construction of future high-rise towers requires wide knowledge of good architectural principles; strong floor plates; Complex structural life-safety and building systems that have to be followed correctly. Key to this is through a well planned and better informed design process. According to the Triz journal Toru Nakagawa Staircases must be designed and built not just to be suitable, comfortable, and securely guarded fo r daily use, but also secure as emergency escaping ways in situations such as fire.They should be designed in a way to prevent the chimney effects as well as flame, smoke, and toxic gases when fire occurs. Moreover, the staircase should be a kind of ‘Internal Staircase' and of a ‘Separated' type of ‘Internal Staircase’; to avoid the rising of fire and to keep it as an escaping. In addition, the windows of the staircase should be opened widely in case of fire; these windows can be used as the entrance for rescuing activities. These windows should open remotely at the control centre of the tall building.According to the Ingenta connect by J. Y. Richard Liew â€Å"Design codes for fire safety in buildings can be either a prescriptive type or performance-based type. It is recognized that performance-based codes provide greater advantages over the prescriptive codes which allow designers to use the fire engineering methods to assess the fire safety of the struct ure. However, as the assessment of the whole structure performance is not easy, most codes currently used are still prescriptive codes or a combination of prescriptive codes and performance-based codes.The key feature for implementing the performance-based fire design codes is the assessment of the fire resistance of the structure†. (Liew, 2004) According to Will Pank, Maunsell Ltd Herbert Girardet, Urban Futures Greg Cox, Oscar Faber Ltd in practice, The Corporation of London,† Individual tall buildings are analysed in relation to their design to develop a rationale for fire engineering. The proposed fire solutions or requirements of the intent of the regulations. The main consideration is:The adequacy of means to prevent fire.Early fire warning by an automatic detection and warning system.The standard of means of escape.Provision of smoke control.Control of the rate of growth of a fire.The adequacy of the structure to resist the effects of a fire.The degree of fire con tainment.Fire separation between buildings or parts of buildings.The standard of active measures for fire extinguishment or control.Facilities to assist the fire service.Availability of powers to require staff training in fire safety and fire routines such as registration or licensing procedures.Evacuation ProcessWhen the raising of a fire alarm is occurred, the main entrance should receive the elevators according to the European evacuation plans. During an emergency, only stairs should be allowed for the evacuation purpose. Furthermore, the stairs may not be an efficient way of evacuation, especially for elderly and disabled persons. In this regard, three phases can be created from the time of an emergency until an area of safety is reached by all the people. In this regard, recognition time, reaction time, and egress time are the abovementioned three phases of an emergency.When the building has not been egress by the people, the time has been referred as the pre-movement time. The signs of danger influence the length of this period. In addition, type of the building, as well as, alarms are some other factors that influence the pre-movement time of an emergency. For instance, long pre-movement time might be observed during the night time in an apartment building. Three times longer, as compared with the actual movement time has been considered for the determination of pre-movement time according to a number of studies.After the recognition time, awareness of the emergency is attained by the occupants. Before the giving of fire alarms, one of the most critical parts of the emergency has been considered the recognition time. Information about the situation, as well as, source of the emergency is required by the people during the reaction time. The reaction time is often affected by the training for emergencies. Until the area of safety has not been reached by everyone, people move out of the building during the actual movement phase of an emergency.Determinatio n of the egress time has been concentrated by the evacuation studies due to the availability of its theoretical estimates. In this regard, figure 2 has illustrated the building filling, as well as, evacuation times with relation to the different up-peak handling capacities. For instance, thirty-three minutes was the building filling time, as the up-peak handling capacity was fifteen percent. At this stage, nineteen to twenty-two minutes was the average egress time. (Siikonen and Hakonen, 2003)